From: Enda Delaney
Subject: Re: Ir-D Irish-born in Canada


Many thanks to the list members who provided advice both on the list and
privately about these data. I'll be happy to share the relevant material if
I am successful in my quest!

Enda Delaney

Forwarded for information...
Usueful checklist of the current buzz words...
Saskia Sassen is sane...
P.O'S.


From: Professor Kenneth Harrow
Director, Program in Comparative Literature
Morrill Hall
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824; fax 517 353 3755; e-mail harrow[at]msu.edu

Subject: Globalicities Conference

CALL FOR PAPERS

Michigan State University's 2001 Modern Literature Conference.

GLOBALICITIES

A Conference on Issues Related to Globalization
Sponsored by the Program in Comparative Literature
Date: October 18-20, 2001; Location: Michigan State University
Confirmed Keynote Speakers:
- -GAYATRI SPIVAK, Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities, Columbia
University
- -MICHAEL HARDT, Associate Professsor of Literature and Romance Studies, Duke
University
- -MAHMOOD MAMDANI, Herbert Lehman Professor of Government, Director,
Institute
of African Studies, Columbia University
- -SASKIA SASSEN, Professor of Sociology, The University of Chicago

A number of recent, important works make clear that the present moment's
metaphor for the economic, political, social, and cultural
interrelationships
between nations is "globalization," a concept that has come to replace
earlier formulas of "modernization" and "civilization." This conference,
"Globalicities," will focus on the limitations and implications of
theoretically determining these relations. We are interested in reflections
on
the anthropological, sociological, economic, legal, linguistic, and
aesthetical ways in which the "global" has been thought and actualized
during
the last 500 years. We particularly are soliciting serious investigations of
the rhetorics and practices of recent theories of the global, postcolonial,
and international.

Possible areas or topics include, but are not limited to:
*Theories of Narrative and the global
*Rethinking travel, exile, migration, diaspora
*Mestizo logics; or, hybrid theory "all the way down"
*"Development," "modernization" and "civilization" and the fate of
dependency
theory
*Race and gender in globalization theory
*Post-structuralism and the critique of late-capitalism
*Markets, profits, and violent conflicts
*State violence, armed resistance, and limits of international law
*The return of the state in global theory
*The rhetorics of geography, space, and place theory
*Questioning post-Marxism's turn to "culture"
*Subalternities and Solidarities
*Markets, products and the construction of taste
*Queering the sphere
* Genetics, biotechnology and the globe

Abstractions for individual papers should be no more than 500 words long;
abstracts for panels are limited to a total of 1000 words. DEADLINE for
Proposals: March 31, 2001

Please send abstracts and one-page vita for each proposed panelist to:
Professor Kenneth Harrow
Director, Program in Comparative Literature
Morrill Hall
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824; fax 517 353 3755; e-mail harrow[at]msu.edu

Forwarded for information...

Public Lecture, Leeds Metropolitan University

The Lisa Crookes Memorial Lecture

Searching and Researching: The Irish Diaspora
by Patrick O'Sullivan

The Irish Studies team at the
Leeds Metropolitan University
invite you to a free open lecture

Thursday March 15, 2001, at 6 pm
Lecture Theatre LTB2
Leeds Metropolitan University
Calverley Street

For more information about the lecture or the 2 year part-time Certificate
in Irish Studies
contact
l.crompton[at]lmu.ac.uk
phone 0113 283 2600 x 6755

Leeds Metropolitan University
CERT HE Irish Studies
Calverley Street
Leeds LS1 3HE
England

[Note from Patrick O'Sullivan...
The brief from the Irish Studies team at the LMU was that I should talk
about 'my work...'
So that I, for one, am very interested in hearing what I have to say...
P.O'S.]


- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

Forwarded, without comment...

From: winireland2001[at]hotmail.com
To: p.osullivan[at]Bradford.ac.uk
Subject: ISLAND IN GALWAY BAY, IRELAND


Hello Patrick,
I was looking with interest at your web site on Irish diaspora studies and
I thought you might be
interested to have a look at a new web site which I have just launched
called www.WINIRELAND.com

The web site offers people an opportunity to win ownership of a 30 Acre
Island in Galway Bay. Obviously
our site is aimed at the broad irish diaspora, and to make it a site worth
visiting and returning to, I
have included a detailed summary of Irish History and the Rise of the Celtic
Tiger Economy.

Have a look at www.WINIRELAND.com and you might please pass on the details
to your contacts with an interest in
things Irish.

Many Thanks,
Regards,
Philip Middleton

From: "Caledonia Kearns"

Dear Patrick:

I am writing to inform the Ir-D list about a book just out: Tip O'Neill and
the
Democratic Century by Boston Globe writer and editor, John Aloysius Farrell.
I should mention that he is my uncle (a bit of nepotism....) However, the
book has been very well received and will be on the cover of The New York
Times Book Review on March 11th reviewed by Mario Cuomo, the former governor
of New York.

Thanks for posting this if it seems appropriate.

Best,
Caledonia Kearns

From: "C. McCaffrey"
Subject: Re: Ir-D Win an Irish island

Paddy,

I wish you had made comment! I went onto the site and the 'History' of
Ireland section
is so bad that I gave up in the 1800s. I really do think that people who
are not
fully knowledgeable on Irish history should not attempt to do stuff like
this. This is
really bad scholarship. I hope no one on the list takes this 'history'
seriously.

Carmel

irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk wrote:

> Forwarded, without comment...
>
> From: winireland2001[at]hotmail.com
> To: p.osullivan[at]Bradford.ac.uk
> Subject: ISLAND IN GALWAY BAY, IRELAND
>
> Hello Patrick,
> I was looking with interest at your web site on Irish diaspora
studies and
> I thought you might be
> interested to have a look at a new web site which I have just launched
> called www.WINIRELAND.com
>
> The web site offers people an opportunity to win ownership of a 30 Acre
> Island in Galway Bay. Obviously
> our site is aimed at the broad irish diaspora, and to make it a site worth
> visiting and returning to, I
> have included a detailed summary of Irish History and the Rise of the
Celtic
> Tiger Economy.
>
> Have a look at www.WINIRELAND.com and you might please pass on the details
> to your contacts with an interest in
> things Irish.
>
> Many Thanks,
> Regards,
> Philip Middleton

From: "Bruce Stewart"
Subject: Edwards v. Coogan

Folks: I have lost the strand dealing with Ruth Dudley Edward's
successful lawsuit against Tim Pat Coogan for libellous remarks on
her management of BAIS in his Wherever Green is Worn. Can
anyone supply the relevant messages? Regards, Bruce.


bsg.stewart[at]ulst.ac.uk
Languages & Lit/English
University of Ulster
tel 44 (0)28 703 24355
fax 44 (0)28 703 24963

From Patrick O'Sullivan

Carmel,

I do apologise...

I thought that this vision of an 'Irish' 'entrepreneur' in action might...
interest...

You might think it an obvious 'scam' - I could not possible comment. It did
seem to demonstrate, in an unusually naked form, the belief that the Irish
Diaspora is something to be exploited, or milked...

Here are some comments from usually reliable sources...

EXTRACT BEGINS>>>
'...Philip Middleton is running a lottery, an island sweepstakes, a gambling
operation
designed to part the gullible from their money. Wisely prohibited to Irish
residents under Irish gaming laws.

Dressed up in a bit of Irish 'history' and Celtic Tiger buzzwords, some nice
aerial photography, some shareware, and some obviously phonied up 'Press
Coverage.'

Philip is a self-described "international property mogul" with no public
profile. Born in South Africa. His company has an address in the British
Virgin Islands. And a "head office" in Hong Kong. But the web site, he tells
us, is "based in Costa Rica" and subject to its laws.

(Actually, the domain name is registered to an entity called WHITENOISE
(WINIRELAND-DOM) with an address at 4 Lower Fitzwilliam St., Dublin NA
Dublin 2.

The Administrative and Billing Contact for this site appears to be Philip
Mountcastle (e-mail goes to philip.mountcastle[at]dna.ie). Who may or may not
be related to Philip Middleton the international property mogul. Who may or
may not actually own Birmore Island in Galway...'
EXTRACT ENDS>>>

EXTRACT BEGINS>>>
'...The website winireland.com is registered to a company
called Whitenoise Media Ltd. in Dublin, where the administrative contact is
variously given as philip.mountcastle[at]dna.ie or info.mountcastle[at]dna.ie.
Registration information indicates that Whitenoise e-business is hosted by a
secondary domain in Costa Rica. The domain servers there are coordinated by
a company called Bonzai Immolilia, S.A. in San Jose.

The San Jose office complex in which Bonzai Immobilia has its offices is
colloquially known
as "Sportsbook Central." Costa Rica has attracted many companies hosting
off-shore online casinos and other gambling operations, which are illegal in
the United States and many other countries. One such company, advertising at
http://www.sportsbook-sales.com
offers "turn-key business solutions that are fully licensed and regulated in
Costa Rica where the hosting of online gambling web sites is legal."
Franchisees located in other countries are assured: "You are considered an
advertising subsidiary of Qwest Global Intertainment (QGI) Corporation, LLC
and as such are neither liable nor responsible for people who wager on your
site. There are no laws that prevent you from promoting your online gambling
franchise."

In the past, the Costa Rican company Bonzai Immobilia S.A. has been linked
to a network of online gambling operations allegedly involved in credit card
fraud. One name that repeatedly surfaces in connection with these activities
is one Nick Nolter, a U.S. citizen who is said to operate an adult video
store and private ISP business from Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Nolter is said to be so disreputable that he has been barred from
re-entering Costa Rica. According to an online "Sports and Gaming
Handicapping" website http://www.theprescription.com
Bonzai Immobilia may be a front name for one of Nolter's company's called
Ace In The Hole. Nolter has also been associated, through campaniles such as
Cyberbetz and The Gambler, with a Vancouver-based online gambling empire
known as Global Intertainment (sic) Corporation. Run by James Chu, who is
also said to maintain an office in Hong Kong. Even among the shady online
gambling fraternity, the names of Chu, Nolter and their various companies
are dirt. Nolter was also said to be heavily involved in pornography,
through a "porn casino" named Queen of Lust associated with Ace in The Hole
and The Gambler.

We do not know whether the website winireland ties in with these
disreputable operators. But the modus operandi has certain similarities, to
say the least. Apart from the connection to Bonzai Immobilia, recall that
'Philip Middleton's' BVI-registered company maintains a "head office" in
Hong Kong. And it appears that Whitenoise Media Ltd of Dublin may have other
similarities with Nolter's business plan. Among the other domain names
currently registered to Whitenoise in Dublin are the following:
winbritain.com, tameboy.com, sharemybody.com, aftermybody.com,
heavybananas.com.....And a nice Irish touch, lovelyhurling.com

Anyone who gives their e-mail or credit card information to this
outfit undoubtedly deserves what is coming. On the other hand, a warning may
be in order for the unwary...
EXTRACT ENDS>>>

I say again, I could not possibly comment...

P.O'S.un




- -----Original Message-----
Sent: 09 March 2001 13:30
To: irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk
Subject: Ir-D Win an Irish island 2



From: "C. McCaffrey"
Subject: Re: Ir-D Win an Irish island

Paddy,

I wish you had made comment! I went onto the site and the 'History' of
Ireland section
is so bad that I gave up in the 1800s. I really do think that people who
are not
fully knowledgeable on Irish history should not attempt to do stuff like
this. This is
really bad scholarship. I hope no one on the list takes this 'history'
seriously.

Carmel

irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk wrote:

> Forwarded, without comment...
>
> From: winireland2001[at]hotmail.com
> To: p.osullivan[at]Bradford.ac.uk
> Subject: ISLAND IN GALWAY BAY, IRELAND
>
> Hello Patrick,
> I was looking with interest at your web site on Irish diaspora
studies and
> I thought you might be
> interested to have a look at a new web site which I have just launched
> called www.WINIRELAND.com
>
> The web site offers people an opportunity to win ownership of a 30 Acre
> Island in Galway Bay. Obviously
> our site is aimed at the broad irish diaspora, and to make it a site worth
> visiting and returning to, I
> have included a detailed summary of Irish History and the Rise of the
Celtic
> Tiger Economy.
>
> Have a look at www.WINIRELAND.com and you might please pass on the details
> to your contacts with an interest in
> things Irish.
>
> Many Thanks,
> Regards,
> Philip Middleton

From: DanCas1[at]aol.com
Subject: Docs, Dookerers, and the Irish Diaspora


Irish America, Dookerers and Docs: A Reply to Dr. D. FitzPatrick's
Assertion
That The Irish Diaspora Is Imagined and Invented

One of the words used by the Southern Irish (American) Travellers for
fortune
telling and magical psychic powers is dooker. In Gammon or Cant, the
language
of the Travellers of Ireland and America, a person gifted with this "second
sight" is called a dookerer. It may be that the Gammon word dooker is
derived
from the Irish word draiocht, which means druidic art, magic, and
enchantment. The Gammon word is created by the camouflage technique of
syllabic reversal; so draiocht becomes dooker.

The use of the sobriquet "Doc" by many grifters of both the long and short
con throughout the United States may owe as much to the cant word dooker, as
it does to bogus claims of medical expertise, or the peddling of nostrums,
laced with laudanum, or alcohol, from the back of a Medicine Show Wagon. The
old American slang word for doctor, "croaker," is derived directly from the
word kro:ker, which is Irish Traveller Gammon for doctor. So, too, the
American slang verb "to croak" or "to die" may be a cousin to kro:ker or
croaker.

In those old Medicine Show days, before Doc came out to peddle his notions
and potions, the itinerant musicians gegged, playing reels and jigs, clog
dancing, and then passing the hat among the country people. Geg in Gammon
means to beg. The word gig, as in a musician's gig, may be derived from the
Gammon term geg, combining both performance and a passing of the hat.
Finally
the Cant word for drink is lus, pronounced lush. Webster also defines the
word lush as a noun "of unknown origin" meaning "intoxicating liquor:
drink;"
or "an habitual drinker, a drunkard."

So the caveat, first transcribed by Nelson Algren, that you should never
play
cards with a man named Doc or eat in a place called Mom's, gains a whole new
fourth dimension. Doc the Croaker as Doc the Dookerer may be the real
Wizard
of Oz of the 19th and early 20th century. The memorable "Duke" of
Huckleberry
Finn also, in fact, may have been ,modeled on an Irish Traveller, posing as
an English Player. Though, more likely he was in Gammon: an od niucs (from
Irish do "two" and ceann "head", as in two pence), old Southern Irish
Traveller cant for a tuppence thespian or no rent actor,

I agree with Dr. D. Fitz P. There is no Irish Diaspora, in the sense that if
it exists it does so only as a figurative double helix of immigrant
pathologies twisted onto a racialist narrative of whiteness and imagined
inchoation. I would argue that the only true Irish diasporic formation is
that of the 8-15,000 Northern and Southern(American) Irish Travellers,
precisely because they are always verging on invisibility or absence
(kaydok from Irish dofheicthe, invisible) and are forever "On the Road" like
Kerouac's mythic boxcar dharma bum and devotee of St. Theresa. The 40
million
are in reality the 8,000 who are in reality perpetually disappearing. As the
once great Gods and Goddesses of the Gael were first ehumerized and then
banished as Sidh to the fairy mounds, so too, an kaydock dookerers, the
disappearing tricksters, of the faux Irish Diaspora will fade to a whiter
shade of pale like dying griwogs caught in the radiant lights of scholarly
discourse and ceant.

Bing Crosby crooning Irving Berlin and Barry Fitzgerald's Protestant brogue
in John Ford's The Quiet Man are no more than the subverting cultural
markers of a aracinated deme of 40 million Fake Irish Americans, 90% of whom
are more genetically and culturally akin to tribes of Hengist and Horsa than
the moribund marcher septs of the Relanta (Irish) and their betaghs.

To sum up my thoughts on The Doctor FitzPatrick and BAIS mini-muss: An
feel's
grooskeels tom. That fellow punches hard (at the air).

I, for one, am one hand clapping.

Daniel "Doc" Cassidy
San Francisco

From Patrick O'Sullivan


Irish Literary Supplement
Spring 2001
Volume 20. Number 1

...is now being distributed, and contains many items of interest to the
Irish-Diaspora list. Including reviews of Kenny, American Irish, Fanning
Iish Voice, Pettitt, Screening Ireland, etc., etc...

Also of interest are 2 articles of comment - James M. Farrell on
'Immigration Rhethoric', making straightforward comparisons between C19th
anti-Irish/anti-immigrant rhetoric and present day Irish anti-immigrant
rhetoric, and Danine/Daine (variously spelt in the ILS) Farquharson on Irish
Studies on the Web. I regret that the name is not familiar to me, so that I
do not know which is correct.

We might have an opportunity to come back to some of these items...

P.O'S.



Irish Literary Supplement
Spring 2001
Volume 20. Number 1

CONTENTS

"American Past as Irish Prologue: Immigration Rhetoric Then and Now," by
James M. Farrell. (3-4)

MARILYN COHEN and NANCY J. CURTIN, Editors. Reclaiming Gender: Transgressive
Identities in Modern Ireland. Reviewed by Catherine Cavanagh. (5-6)

JAMES M. CAHALAN, Doube Visions: Women and Men in Modern and Contemporary
Irish Fiction. Reviewed by Caitriona Moloney. (6)

ANNE BERNARD KEARNEY, Lovers, Queens, and Strangers: Strong Women in Celtic
Myth. Reviewed by Lisabeth C. Buchelt. (6)

CONOR CRUISE O'BRIEN, Memoir: My Life and Times;
RICHARD ENGLISH and JOSEPH MORRISON SKELLY, Editors, Ideas Matter: Essays in
Honor of Conor Cruise O'Brien. Reviewed by John P. McCarthy. (7)

ADRIAN FRAZIER, George Moore, 1852-1922. Reviewed by Vera Kreilkamp. (7-8)

ANGELA BOURKE, Burning of Bridget Cleary: A True Story. Reviewed by Kevin
O'Neill. (9)

KEVIN KENNY, The American Irish: A History. Reviewed by Lawrence J.
McCaffrey. (10)

MARGOT BACKUS, The Gothic Family Romance: Heterosexuality, Child Sacrifice,
and the Anglo-Irish Colonial Order. Reviewed by Spurgeon Thompson. (II)

RODDY DOYLE, A Star is Born: A Portrait of the Ex-Patriot as a Young Man.
Reviewed by Sandy Manoogian Pearce and David Krause. (12-14)

"Arthur E. McGuinness," by Robert Tracy (14)

BRENDAN GRAHAM, The Whitest Flower. Reviewed by Eileen Moore Quinn. (15-16)

P.J. MATHEWS, Editor, New Voices in Irish Criticism. Reviewed by Anthony
Roche. (16)

LAURA PELASCHIAR, Writing the North: The Contemporary Novel in Northern
Ireland. Reviewed by Wanda Balzano. (16-17)

J.P . DONLEAVY, Wrong Information is Being Given Out at Princeton. Reviewed
by Audrey Eyler. (17)

DAVID KRAUSE, William Carleton: The Novelist, His Carnival and Pastoral
World of TragiComedy. Reviewed by Eileen A. Sullivan. (18)

CHARLES FANNING, The Irish Voice in America: 250 Years of Irish-America
Literature. Reviewed by Lawrence McCaffrey. (18-20)

EDNA O'BRIEN, Wild Decembers. Reviewed by Sandy Manoogian Pearce. (20-21 )

JOHN BANVILLE, Eclipse. Reviewed by Elke D'Hoker. (21)

EAMONN JORDAN, Theatre Stuff: Critical Essays on Contemporary irish Theatre.
Reviewed by Helen Lojek (21-22)

SUSAN JOHNSTON GRAY, W.B. Yeats. Twentieth-Century Magus. Reviewed by
William Gorski. (22)

"Pain, Time, and Beauty: An Interview with Tess Gallagher," by Karen Gookin.
(23-24)

EAMONN WALL, From the Sin-e Cafe to the Black Hills: Notes on the New Irish.
Reviewed by Deborah Hunter McWilliams. (25)

DESMOND EGAN, Music;
ELIZABETH CUNNINGHAM, Small Bird. Reviewed by Kevin T. McEneaney . (25)

NICHOLAS GRENE, Editor, Interpreting Synge: Essays from the Synge Summer
School. 1991-2000. Reviewed by Eamonn Jordan. (26)

LANCE PETTITT, Screening Ireland: Film and Television Representation.
Reviewed by Robert Savage. (26)

PAUL SCHWABER, The Cast of Characters: A Reading of Ulysses. Reviewed by
Paul C. Doherty. (27-28)

JOHN McCOURT, The fears of Bloom: James Jayce in Trieste. 1904-1920.
Reviewed by Coilin Owens. (28)

EAMON GRENNAN, Facing the Music: Irish Poetry in the Twentieth Century.
Reviewed by Mary Fitzgerald-Hoyt. (28)

SCOTT BREWSTER, VIRGINIA CROSSMAN, FIONA BECKET, and DA ID ALDERSON,
Editors, Ireland in Proximity: History, Gender. Space. Reviewed by Beth
Wightman. (29)

ROBERT A. STRADLING, The Irish and the Spanish Civil War. 1936-1939:
Crusades in Conflict. Reviewed by Manus O'Riordan. (29-30)

"Extracts from a Cleri/Haiku Chronology of Irish Literature, 1729-1900," by
Richard Haslam. (30)

"Cyberlreland: Irish Studies on the Web," by Daine [?] Farquharson. (31)

Books in Brief, by Robert G. Lowery. (32)

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From: DanCas1[at]aol.com
Subject: Re: Ir-D Docs, Dookerers, and the Irish Diaspora-brief correction

- --part1_e2.1185297b.27dcf76d_boundary
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

In a message dated 3/11/01 12:12:52 AM Pacific Standard Time,
irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk writes:


> As the
> once great Gods and Goddesses of the Gael were first ehumerized and then
> banished as Sidh to the fairy mounds, so too, an kaydock dookerers, the
> disappearing tricksters, of the faux Irish Diaspora will fade to a whiter
> shade of pale like dying griwogs caught in the radiant lights of scholarly
> discourse and ceant.
>


The last word should be spelled "caint" and is modern irish for "speech,
talk, discourse," as in "craic, cheol, agus caint."

My apologies.

Doc Cassidy





- --part1_e2.1185297b.27dcf76d_boundary
Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

In a message dated 3/11/01
12:12:52 AM Pacific Standard Time,
irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk writes:


As the
once great Gods and Goddesses of the Gael were first ehumerized and then
banished as Sidh to the fairy mounds, so too, an kaydock dookerers, the
disappearing tricksters, of the faux Irish Diaspora will fade to a
whiter
shade of pale like dying griwogs caught in the radiant lights of
scholarly
discourse and ceant.



The last word should be spelled "caint" and is modern irish for "speech,
talk, discourse," as in "craic, cheol, agus caint."

My apologies.

Doc Cassidy





- --part1_e2.1185297b.27dcf76d_boundary--

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

The British newspapers during the past week have been awash with tributes to
Ninette de Valois (1898-2001), following her death, aged 102, on March 8 -
and now the ballet pages of the Web follow.

The Irish Diaspora elements in the history of 'Madam', as she was known, are
subtle. She was born, with the name Edris Stannus, at Baltiboys, near
Blessington, County Wicklow. There are the usual Big House stories - her
first dance was an Irish jig, taught to her by Kate the cook. By the age of
11 the family had moved to London. In all the interviews with Madam that I
have heard and seen I can hear something of an Irish accent and intonation.
But other people tell me I am wrong. In any case, she always insisted on
her Irish origins.

The change of name to the Frenchified 'de Valois' was a career move - in
that period Sydney Francis Patrick Chippendall Healey-Kay became Anton Dolin
(1904-1983). And the name Edris Stannus hardly sings of Ireland...

She was simply adored by the ballet community of Britain - the Guardian
Newspaper (Friday March 9), said: 'They knew that without her they, the two
companies, the school, the whole of British ballet with its reputation built
over half a century. would not be here...' To find a comparable figure, as
important in the development of twentieth century dance, you have to look at
someone like Diaghilev. An extraordinary life...

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

As a footnote to Danine Farquharson's advice, it is worth nothing that the
BUBL project has a guide to Irish Archaeology on the Web at...

http://bubl.ac.uk/link/i/irisharchaeology.htm

Titles
Archaeological and Historical Journals in Ireland
Archaeology of Ancient Ireland
British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography
Celts and Saxons
Discovery Programme, Ireland
Email Directory for Irish Archaeology
Heritage Council
Irish Heritage Council: Archaeology
Island Ireland
Publishers of Archaeological Material
Tipperary Historical Journal
Western Stone Forts Project

and to Irish History on the Web at

http://bubl.ac.uk/link/i/irishhistory.htm

Titles
CAIN: Conflict Archive on the Internet
Aspects of Ulster
Celtic Art and Cultures
Celtic Heart
Chronicon
Chronology of Ireland
Doras Directory
Great Irish Famine
Irish Family History Foundation
Irish History on the Web
IrishKnowledge.com: The Irish Studies Network
National Archives of Ireland
Studyweb: History of Ireland
Views of the Famine

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Danine Farquharson - it turns out - is based at the Memorial University of
Newfoundland.

The following are the Web sites she recommends as starting points in
"Cyberlreland: Irish Studies on the Web," by Danine Farquharson
Irish Literary Supplement
Spring 2001
Volume 20, Number 1

Patricia Sharkey's Searc's Web Guide to Irish Resources
www.searcs-web.com/

Bruce Stewart's Eirdata project
www.pgil-eirdata.org/html/index.htm

Local Ireland
www.local.ie

[NOTE from P.O'S. Local Ireland has been trying to establish itself as the
'premier source' for Irish culture, tourism and genealogy. And seems to
have bought in quite a lot of material from other sources. Unfortunately
this has led to their displaying on the Web, and claiming copyright over,
material from those sources. A number of Ir-D members have found items they
had written for other people or outlets displayed on Local Ireland. WITH a
Local Ireland copyright claim. It might be worth checking your own name
there...]

Jacqueline Dana's Irish History on the Web
http://wwwvms.utexas.edu/~jdana/irehist

CAIN - Northern Ireland Conflict Archive
http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/index.html

CELT - Corpus of Electronic Texts
http://www.icc.ie/celt

Ceolas - Irish Music
www.ceolas.org/ceolas.html

IFTN - Irish Film and Television Net
http://www.iftn.ie

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From: DanCas1[at]aol.com
From: Martin Crawford
Date: Mon, 12 Mar 2001 16:07:43 +0000 (GMT Standard Time)
Subject: new journal

The third issue of the new journal from Frank Cass,
AMERICAN NINETEENTH CENTURY HISTORY, will shortly appear.
It contains essays on slavery and capitalism in Louisiana,
Hinton Rowan Helper and California, the Chinese at the 1876
exposition, and women in New York politics, 1890-1910,
together with reviews.

We are seeking high quality submissions on all aspects of
nineteenth century America, including the history of
ethnicity and immigration.

I am happy to discuss any projects with potential
contributors. Please contact me at the address below, or
consult the website at www.frankcass.com/jnls where details
of the journal, including the editorial board, can be
found.

Martin Crawford
Editor, AMERICAN NINETEENTH CENTURY HISTORY
m.s.crawford[at]ams.keele.ac.uk

David Bruce Centre for American Studies
Keele University
Keele, Staffs
ST5 5BG
U.K.

Forwarded for information...


The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies
Balch Digest
March 2001

**********
IN THIS ISSUE: ETHNIC WOMEN'S HISTORIES

1. GENERAL WOMEN'S HISTORY
2. SPECIFIC HISTORIES
3. ETHNIC WOMEN WRITERS
4. ETHNIC FEMINISMS

**********

March is women's history month. This month we highlight web resources that
explore the histories and perspectives of immigrant and ethnic women in
America.

1. GENERAL WOMEN'S HISTORY

- --American Women's History: A Research Guide - Archives and Manuscript
Collections. http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/wh-manu.html

- --National Women's History Project http://www.nwhp.org/

- --Pathfinder for Women's History Research in the National Archives and
Records Administration Library. http://www.nara.gov/alic/bib/wmenbib.html.
Including:
"'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married . . .' Women and
Naturalization, ca. 1802-1940," By Marian L. Smith.
http://www.nara.gov/publications/prologue/natural1.html

"From Slave Women to Free Women- The National Archives and Black Women's
History in the Civil War Era," By Noralee Frankel.
http://www.nara.gov/publications/prologue/frankel.html

- --The Women's History Workshop is a collaborative effort of Massachusetts
teachers -- middle school through college -- which seeks to make available
primary sources in pedagogically imaginative formats for teachers who wish
to use such materials in their own classrooms. The Workshop is sponsored by
Assumption College, the American Antiquarian Society, The Alliance for
Education, and the Worcester Women's History Project.
http://www.assumption.edu/whw/

- --Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1830- 1940. This
excellent site features teaching resources and "Editorial Projects" which
feature introductory essays and primary source documents. Some of the
projects found at: http://womhist.binghamton.edu/projects.htm#ibw include:
How Did Black and White Southern Women Campaign to End Lynching, 1890-1942?
African-American Women and the Chicago World's Fair, 1893
The Early Years of the National Association of Colored Women, 1895-1920
The 1912 Lawrence Strike: How Did Immigrant Workers Struggle to Achieve an
American Standard of Living?
National Woman's Party and the Enfranchisement of Black Women, 1919-1924
Women and Civil Liberties in the San Antonio Pecan Workers Strike, 1938

- --Women in American History, from E B: http://women.eb.com/
Celebrating Women's History on the Web: A Growing Resource.
http://www-libraries.colorado.edu/ps/gov/womenhistory.htm

- --Women's History Historical Text Archive.
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9061/USA/women.html

- --Women's History Month Portraits of Women at Work:
http://www.pioneerpress.com/krt/women/women.htm

- --Internet Women's History Sourcebook. A collection of primary and
bibliographic sources, global in scope, which also includes a section on
ethnic women from North America.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/women/womensbook.html


2. SPECIFIC HISTORIES

- -- African American women: these special collections at Duke University
offer the historic texts and testimonies of African American women.
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/african-american-women.html

- -- Native American Indian: Art, Culture, Education, History, Science is a
huge site compiled by Paula Giese before her death in Summer, 1997. It is no
longer being actively maintained but is still available at
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/ .

- --Mary Anne Sadlier (1820-1903), an Irish-American immigrant, wrote sixty
volumes of work -- from domestic novels to historical romances to children's
catechisms. From this web site, you will be able to read one of Sadlier's
domestic novels, Bessy Conway, the story of an Irish domestic servant who
journeys to American to see the world and make her fortune during the era of
the Great Famine. You will also be able to access a critical introduction to
her work, related links and information about Sadlier's cultural context,
the most comprehensive biographical sketch available, a complete
bibliography of all of her works as well an extensive bibliography of
related material.
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~eas5e/Sadlier.html

- --Unpacking on the Prairie: Jewish Women in the Upper Midwest.
http://www.jewishwomenexhibit.com/default.asp

- --Jewish Women's Archive The mission of the Jewish Women's Archive is to
uncover, chronicle, and transmit the rich legacy of Jewish women and their
contributions to our families and communities, to our people and our world.
Online exhibits and virtual archive. http://www.jwa.org/

- --clnet's Chicana Studies Page
http://latino.sscnet.ucla.edu/women/womenHP.html

- --Marian Anderson Collection of Photographs, 1898-1992
Ms. Coll. 198. he collection comprises 100 albums and boxes. Volumes 1-49
contain photographs of Marian Anderson and her milieu, arranged
chronologically (1898-1992); Volumes 50-55: photographs at Marianna Farm,
arranged chronologically (1940-1970s); Boxes 56-79: duplicates of
photographs in Volumes 1-55; Boxes 80-86: photographic scrapbooks; Boxes
87-94: oversize photographs, arranged chronologically (1922-1992); Box 95:
duplicates of photographs in Boxes 87-94; Boxes 96-100: photographs of
friends, colleagues, and admirers, arranged alphabetically by the last name
of the subject. http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/photos/anderson/

3. ETHNIC WOMEN WRITERS

American Studies at the U of Virginia features historic hypertexts by
American authors, including these relevant for ethnic women's history:

- -- The Narrative of Sojourner Truth.
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TRUTH/cover.html

- -- Rita Dove, "Lady Freedom" http://www.lib.virginia.edu/etext/fourmill.html

- -- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, Linda Brent
(Harriet Jacobs). http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/JACOBS/hjhome.htm

- -- Bessy Conway; or, The Irish Girl in America. By Mary Anne Sadlier.
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~eas5e/Bessy/Bessy.html

- -- My Twenty Years at Hull House, By Jane Addams.
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/ADDAMS/title.html

- --Voices from The Gaps - Women Writers of Color: http://voices.cla.umn.edu/

- --The Poems of Emma Lazarus.
http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/a/amverse/amverse-idx?type=header&id=LazarAdmet

- --The Celebration of Women Writers recognizes the contributions of women
writers throughout history. Women have written almost every imaginable type
of work: novels, poems, letters, biographies, travel books, religious
commentaries, histories, economic and scientific works. Our goal is to
promote awareness of the breadth and variety of women's writing. Browse by
Ethnicity:
African American -- Arab -- Chicana -- First Nations -- French Canadian --
Jewish
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/


4. ETHNIC FEMINISMS

- -- The Ethnic Woman International.
http://www.thefuturesite.com/ethnic/index.html

- -- Women of Color Resource Center. http://www.coloredgirls.org/

- -- DIFFERENT NATIONAL AND ETHNIC FEMINISMS. Interactive bibliography- click
on an area of the world to find out about historical and contemporary
feminist writing. With some links to online texts, including by Am. ethnic
women
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/Feminism/Ethnic.html

- -- Making Face, Making Soul: A Chicana Feminist Web Site
http://www.chicanas.com/

- -- SAWNET South Asian Women's Network.
http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/users/sawweb/sawnet/

- -- exoticize this! south asian + a.p.i. american feminist resources.
http://members.aol.com/Critchicks/index.html


- -- Feminista! The Online Journal of Feminist Construction. This journal
regularly features the writings and resources of feminist of color,
including "A woman's list of political bookmarks."
http://www.feminista.com/


**********

The Balch Digest is a monthly publication e-mailed to Friends of The Balch
Institute. If you do not wish to receive the Balch Digest in the future,
please reply to this e-mail message with the word "UNSUBSCRIBE" in the
subject/header line.

We want to hear from you. If you have any questions, comments, or ideas for
future Balch Digest issues, please send your message to:
digest[at]balchinstitute.org.

**********

The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies
18 South Seventh Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
(215) 925-8090 TEL
(215) 925-8195 FAX

From: "Thomas J. Archdeacon"
Subject: Restricted Eirdata site

Dear List Members:

I clicked on Bruce Stewart's Eirdata site (Irish-Studies on the Web
message) but then confronted a request for username and password. Any
advice?

Thanks.

Tom

Thomas J. Archdeacon, Prof. Office: 608-263-1778/1800
Department of History Fax: 608-263-5302
University of Wisconsin -- Madison Home: 608-251-7264
5133 Humanities Building E-Mail:
tjarchde[at]facstaff.wisc.edu
Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1483

Forwarded for information...

Los Angeles TIMES Monday, March 5, 2001

Census' Multiracial Option Overturns Traditional Views
Population: The new categories challenge the idea that there are discrete
bio-cultural groups of human beings.

By SOLOMON MOORE, Times Staff Writer

Someday, when race is more negotiable--more someone's description of his
mood than his identity--historians may say it started with Census 2000.
This census, due for release as early as this week, is the first in
which Americans were invited to mark one or more races, creating a total of
57 new categories with anywhere from two to six races, such as white-Asian
or
black-Latino-American Indian.
Experts estimate that only about 4% of Americans identified themselves
as multiracial in 2000, but the implications are stunning. The census'
formalizing of multiple-race answers undermines more than 200 years of law
and tradition and explodes the most basic notion of race: that there are
discrete bio-cultural groups of human beings.
The ensuing debate could overshadow the census' traditional function of
establishing the numbers upon which political reapportionment, federal
revenue allotments and mass marketing are based.
"Once you have opened up the census in this revolutionary fashion
there's really no natural limit, no natural boundaries between the races,"
said Kenneth Prewitt, the director of the U.S. Census Bureau until he
stepped
down earlier this year.
The multiracial movement in America has been growing for years,
reflecting vast demographic shifts over the past four decades that belied
traditional racial categories. In the 1990 census, the third-fastest-growing
category was "Other," with 2 million people. Those statistics galvanized
multiracial lobbying efforts.
"It just became impossible to deny that people have origins in more
than
one race," said social historian Joel Perlmann.
But the multiple-race census was opposed by groups like the NAACP and
the Japanese Citizens League, who have argued that the destabilization of
racial categories could weaken civil rights enforcement efforts.
The greatest impact of Census 2000 will be felt at the local level,
especially in states and cities that have diverse and well-integrated
communities. A Princeton University study found that multiracial residents
represent 8% of Hawaii's population and 10% in Oklahoma, where there are
large numbers of multiracial American Indians.
A 1999 census survey of some 14 million Americans found the proportion
of residents who checked more than one race was 3.3% in San Francisco, 3.8%
in New York's Bronx borough and 4.5% in Yakima, Wash. In a Census Bureau
"dress rehearsal" for 2000 conducted in Sacramento, 5.4% said they were
multiracial; in some tracts, they represented 11% of the population.
Ethnic groups with higher rates of intermarriage--Asians, Native
Hawaiians and Native Americans--are expected to be particularly affected.
Drawing a clear picture from the race data is further complicated by
the
"ethnicity" question. In 1980, the census added a question that asked
whether
respondents were Latino. That layer creates twice as many multiracial and
ethnic categories.

Constructing Ethnicity
The census has always played a dominant role in defining ethnicities.
In
its inception, in 1790, it held that a black slave was literally a fraction
of a white man. In the early 19th century, Irish immigrants were considered
to be "Negroes." The government used the term "Hispanic" to include huge
swaths of multiracial humanity, first on an ancestral origin question in
1970
and then as a question of ethnicity in 1980.
Race is a social construct, but it has real economic, political and
social effects. Multiple-race census data seem likely to make it harder to
quantify those effects. Beyond the census, the data are about to filter into
many other social-policy arenas.
The White House Office of Management and Budget has instructed more
than
60 federal agencies to incorporate multiple-race information by 2003.
Policymakers say this new way of collecting racial information will
gradually
trickle down from agencies such as the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention and the National Center for Educational Statistics to state
governments, city agencies and even individual schools, police stations and
private businesses.
Some researchers at federal agencies, universities and think tanks
throughout the nation say multiracial data collection has launched the
country into uncharted regions where politics, identity, law and culture
will
collide with confusing effects.
"We're definitely opening up a whole set of new issues, and I'm not
sure
where it's going to go," said Brookings Institution researcher Peter Skerry.
"We may not just have battles between races, but battles about race itself."
Even the pure statistical questions will be daunting. For example,
federal statisticians tracking the prevalence of liver disease among
American
Indian communities will have single-race data until 1990. Then they will
have
to make sense of data from 2000, in which significant numbers of American
Indians will check an additional race.
The Office of Management and Budget has outlined several tactics for
its
agencies to make sense of this. They include assigning multiple-race
responses to single-race categories and recording multiracial people as
racial fractions. (A black and Asian woman might be counted as one-half of a
black person and one-half of an Asian person.) These statistical strategies
will vary widely, depending on the agency and the source of the data.
If the numbers are calculated imprecisely--something many demographers
say is inevitable with multiracial data--it could create illusory problems
or
obscure real challenges.
Take the fact that so many Americans claim some degree of American
Indian heritage. "With the new standards you could have a tripling of the
Native American population," said Matthew Snipp, a Stanford University
professor and a member of the Census Bureau's Advisory Committee on American
Indians and Alaska Natives. "So for programs that are based on some minimum
population number, you've got more Indians to serve. On the other hand, they
might be better educated or have higher incomes." It would be up to
statisticians to determine whether those higher populations and incomes are
because of error, or to real gains.
"I look on this as a demographer's full-employment act," said Snipp.

Federal Law Based on 6 Races
Foremost on the minds of many sociologists and civil-rights activists,
however, is the way multiracial data will complicate anti-discrimination
monitoring and enforcement, the primary purpose of federal data on race.
School desegregation plans and regulatory programs for housing,
employment, health and the environment all use racial statistics to some
degree. Right now, federal civil-rights law recognizes only six mutually
exclusive racial and ethnic categories: "American Indian or Alaska Native,"
"Asian," "Black or African American," "Hispanic or Latino," "Native Hawaiian
or Other Pacific Islander" and "White." So how will someone is black and
white, or Asian and American Indian, or Asian and white and Native American
and Pacific Islander be collapsed into the pertinent single-race categories?
It depends.
Multiracial people who indicate they are white and something else will
generally be "allocated to the minority race," according to guidance from
the
Office of Management and Budget. When responses combine two or more minority
races, the federal standards state that the situation will be resolved on a
case-by-case basis.
If a mixed-race person makes a discrimination complaint, that person
will be allocated to the race he thinks the discrimination was based on. For
example, if a man who is black and Asian American believed he was denied a
job at a grocery store because the manager thought he was black, the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission could list that individual as black,
regardless of his Asian American heritage.

Reinterpreting Multiculturalism
Matt Kelley, the founder of a Seattle-based magazine about interracial
issues, says the notion of the government interpreting multiracial
categories
in civil-rights enforcement subverts the principle of multiculturalism.
"All of a sudden to finally be given the opportunity to choose more
than
one race, and then seemingly have that taken away seems a little suspect,"
said Kelley, who is Korean American and white. "Besides it would be wrong to
say that I would only be discriminated against because I am Korean or Asian
American. I used to bus tables, and people used to think I was Mexican.
"The reality is that I might be discriminated against because someone
thinks I am Native American or Latino or Asian American," said Kelley, who
has been taken for all three races. "And sometimes people are discriminating
against others just because they are multiracial--not because they are
perceived to be one thing or another."
Things get even more complicated if an enforcement action requires a
statistical sample. Suppose the government wanted to find out if a grocery
store chain was guilty of a discriminatory "pattern and practice" of not
hiring a particular racial group. The agency might survey the business'
racial make-up and allocate each multiracial individual to one of the six
major racial groups. Then the government would compare those findings to the
demographics of the surrounding area, again allocating all multiracial
responses. Critics find that scenario hopelessly subjective.
"So if you're talking about racial profiling in terms of census data,"
said former census director Prewitt, "and you want to know how many blacks
were picked up driving in New Jersey compared to the total black population
of New Jersey, we're going to be arguing about who is and isn't black."

Determining Voting Violations
One of the hottest flash points for multiracial data may be the issue
of
voting rights and reapportionment. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits
the drawing of voting districts to purposefully split or dilute minorities'
votes.
In the past, racial statistics collected by the census and other
agencies were used to determine voting rights violations. But now it will
become trickier. Take a county supervisor's district where 40% of residents
marked African American as their only race and an additional 15% marked
black
plus another race. Is this a majority black district? Some experts predict
this question will be among the first census issues to reach the Supreme
Court.
The multiracial guidelines for federal agencies are only "provisional"
and could change depending on what the census data show. Since the
guidelines
were issued during the Clinton administration, the Bush administration might
wish to alter them, though the president has given no indication that the
issue is on his radar. Public hearings on the guidelines are ongoing and new
studies by the Census Bureau, the Department of Labor and the Department of
Health are aimed at determining why census respondents chose the races they
did, and whether the racial allocation standards could be improved. Also
still undecided is how the government will deal with multiracial data when
it
comes to eligibility for targeted programs, like the Small Business
Administration's loans for minority businesses.
"This is still an evolving piece of guidance," said Katherine K.
Wallman, chief statistician of the Office of Management and Budget. "In fact
my copy of the standards is still in a loose-leaf notebook."


* * *

Copyright 2001 Los Angeles Times

http://www.latimes.com/news/front/20010305/t000019565.html

For information...

J. C. Wells has placed a version of his 1980 paper on Montserrat Creole
at...

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/brogue.htm


EXTRACT BEGINS>>>
The brogue that isn't
J.C.Wells, University College London
[This article was originally published in the Journal of the International
Phonetic Association, vol. 10 (1980): 74-79. Versions of it were presented
at the Third Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics,
Aruba, 1980, and
at the University Centre in Plymouth, Montserrat, 13 January 1988.
With hindsight, there are various things in this article that I would prefer
to have presented slightly differently. However, for the present electronic
version (1996) I have restricted myself to the correction of typographical
errors, the insertion of cross-headings, and the addition of a very small
number of extra notes, shown, like this one, in square brackets.]

Introduction
We have all heard of the remote community in the Appalachians (or is it
somewhere in the North of England?) where the locals still supposedly speak
pure Elizabethan English, unchanged for centuries. But this is not the only
dialectological myth which persists tenaciously in the popular imagination
and will no doubt continue to do so despite its lack of factual basis...
EXTRACT ENDS>>>

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From: Marion Casey
Subject: Re: Ir-D Census' Multiracial Option

Paddy,

Thanks for that piece from the LA Times. I happen to be doing some
research on the early US censuses at the moment and the reporter's
sentence -- "In the early 19th century, Irish immigrants were considered
to be "Negroes" -- struck me as oddly unfounded in relation to official
census categories. But maybe I have overlooked something important?
Does anyone know more? I've been using Margo Anderson's new Encyclopedia
of the U.S. Census (2000) for background info.

Marion