From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Time to launch the Irish-Diaspora list's traditional St. Patrick's Day
Competition...

The theme of our Competition this year, 2001, is

HOMAGE TO MACKMORRICE...
'Who talkes of my Nation?'

Competitors are invited to to take a text,
ANY text,
a short poem or a short piece of prose,
in ANY language,
and show...

- - either through internal evidence,
or in-depth research,
or both -

that this text disguises...

EITHER a vicious attack on the Irish
OR secret praise of the Irish.
But not both.

I hope that is clear.

Marks will be given for...

1. misdirected erudition,
2. linguistic ingenuity,
3. ghastly plausibility,
4. and sheer bloodymindedness.

NOW, this is the bit that people always seem to have trouble with...

Entries should be sent as an email to this special St. Patrick's Day
Competition address


The sending of that email to that competition address will be taken
as confirmation that the email is a Competition entry,
and as permission to share choice entries with the wider Irish-Diaspora
list.

All members of the Irish-Diaspora list - INCLUDING past prize winners - can
submit entries.

Sometimes we get entries from people who are not members of the
Irish-Diaspora list - such entries will be considered only if they are
REALLY funny.

Decisions of the Competition Committee are final.

The closing date for Competition entries is Monday, March 26, 2001.

There will be prizes.

Good luck, everyone. And good scholarship.

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

It is my birthday - yes, the day before St. Patrick's Day. And I awoke this
morning with that increasingly familiar feeling of surprise at still being
here...

I went out this afternoon, to buy myself a secret birthday present, a CD of
Luis Bacalov, Misa Tango. And I said to myself, It is just what I wanted -
how did you know?

Here is an extract from the notes, written by Dino Villatico, that accompany
the CD...

?Luis Bacalov is Argentinian, but lives in Rome. Is it any surprise that his
nostalgia for Buenos Aires takes on the rhythm of the tango? But the tango
is not just a dance rhythm: it's a whole way of thinking about life. At the
basis of the tango lies the feeling of being uprooted, far from the land of
one's birth: a feeling of homelessness, which is not so much being without a
home, as the experience of those who feel a stranger wherever they go, even
in the place where they were born, because the years spent there have fled,
never to return. The nostalgia which grips your heart then is the nostalgia
for your origins, for a return to your origins. "My distant land, I want to
die, one day, under your sky, comforted by you" ( Lejana tierra mia - My
distant land - by the immortal Carlos Gardel and Le Pera)? The first person
the protagonist of any tango wants to persuade is himself. Of this: that he
is not to blame for this feeling of being uprooted; it is something he has
been born with...?

So, cross out 'Argentinian', insert 'Irish'...

There follow, as separate emails, the St. Patrick's Day message from the
President of the Republic of Ireland - which, as usual, we are pleased to be
able to distribute.

AND the instructions for the the Irish-Diaspora list's traditional St.
Patrick's Day Competition..

My thanks to all those who helped plan the Competition.

Enjoy the Competition. And a Happy St. Patrick's Day to all friends and
colleagues on the Irish-Diaspora list.

Though we are still reeling here from a showing of the St. Patrick's Day
episode of the television cartoon series, The Simpsons. St. Patrick's Day
in the USA... Is it really like that?

Patrick O'Sullivan

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT McALEESE
FOR ST. PATRICK'S DAY 2001

Beannachtaí na Féile Pádraig ar chlann mhór domhanda na nGael, sa bhaile
agus ar fud an cruinne, ar an lá náisiúnta ceiliúrtha seo.

>From Ireland's capital city, Dublin, I extend warmest St Patrick's Day
greetings to every member of the Irish family at home and abroad, to the
many newcomers who are making their homes in Ireland, and to the friends of
Ireland everywhere on this, our special day of celebration.

Today we pay tribute to Ireland's wonderful rich cultural heritage, not
just here on the island of Ireland but in countless locations, big and
small, right across the world. Ireland owes an enormous debt of gratitude
to the legions of men and women, boys and girls, whose passion for every
facet of Irish culture has allowed it to flourish so spectacularly,
extending its reach from our small native home to every one of the earth's
continents.

The voice of today's Ireland speaks more of celebration than of
lamentation. A new heritage of prosperity and peace is being crafted by a
generation which has known more hope, more success, more opportunity than
any other. The past which shaped us no longer shackles us. Ireland has
moved into a new era and confidence in the future is its hallmark.

If, as the poet O'Shaughnessy says "Each age is a dream that is dying / Or
one that is coming to birth", then this St Patrick's Day we can surely be
said to be celebrating a dream that is coming to birth.

Wherever you are celebrating, I am delighted to join with you in honouring
St Patrick on his day, the day of the Irish.

Rath, sonas agus séan ar mhuintir na hÉireann agus ar ár gcairde uilig ar
fud na cruinne. Go mbainimis ar fad sult agus aoibhneas as an lá speisialta
seo.


TEACHTAIREACHT ÓN UACHTARÁN MÁIRE MHIC GHIOLLA ÍOSA

Ó Bhaile Átha Cliath, príomhchathair na hÉireann, a bheirim beannachtaí na
Féile Pádraig ar gach aon bhall de chalnn domhanda na nGael, sa bhaile agus
thar lear. Ar an la náisiúnta ceiliúrtha seo, bheirim beannacht Phádraig
fosta orthu siúd ata tagtha inár measc ar na mallaibh chun cónaí a dhéanamh
linn, agus ar chairde uilig na hÉireann ar fud na cruinne.

Anseo sa bhaile agus in áiteanna gan chuntas ar fud an domhain mhóir,
tugaimid ómós mar is cuí inniu, d'oidhreacht shaibhir chultúrtha na
hÉireann. Tá Éire faoi chomaoin ag na fir agus ag na mná, ag na buachaillí
agus ag na cailíní a thugann gnéithe d'ár gcultúr ar camchuairt na cruinne,
iad féin ar fheabhas na hÉireann le sainiúlacht agus le tofacht, ag baint
barrchlú amach don oileán beag seo í measc náisiúin an domhain.

Céad slán le holagón na hÉireachh agus céad fáilte roimh uaill an
cheiliúrtha. Tá oidhreacht úr soirbhis agus síochána da greannadh ag aos óg
na hÉireann amach as an dóchas, as an árach agus as an áitheas atá dá
bhfáil le huacht acu féin. Níl muid i gcuibhreach níos mó ag an stair a
mhúnlaigh muid. Tá muintir ha hÉireann bogtha isteach i ré uair a bhfuil
muinín sa todhchaí mar shainmharc leis.

Má's fior da ndeir Ó Seachnasaigh, file: "Each age is a dream that is dying
/ Or one that is coming to birth" is fior ar la na Féile Pádraigh gur
brionglóid i mbun ginte atá a ceiliúradh againn.

Cibé áit ar domhan a bhfuil sibh, is mór an chúis áthais dom bheith i
gcomhcheiliúradh libh in onóir Phádraig Naofa ar Lá seo na nGael. Guím
rath, sonas agus séan oraibh.

From: "C. McCaffrey"
Subject: Simpsons?

'though we are still reeling here from a showing of the St. Patrick's Day

episode of the television cartoon series, The Simpsons. St. Patrick's
Day
in the USA... Is it really like that?

Patrick O'Sullivan'

Paddy, Like what? For those of us lucky enough to have never seen a
Simpsons episode could you please elaborate? I am very curious.
Carmel

From: "Edmundo Murray"
Subject: Re: Ir-D Tango Irlandese

Irish-Argentines do not need to "cross out 'Argentinian', insert 'Irish'..."
I heard about at least 2 tango singers with recognizable last names: Alfonso
Murphy and Cecilia (or Cinthia?) Sheridan. In addition to this, we should
mention a great tango dancer of the 80's, Hernán Maguire, and the pianist
Miguel Lalor, plus some more recent poets writing tango lyrics (Lennon
brothers). As a matter of fact, I remember a family reunion (a wake) in the
Hurlingham district of Great Buenos Aires, which ended in milonga dancing
mixed with drinking and lamentations. In the tango capital, nothing is more
"porteño" than the Irish. Happy birthday!


Edmundo Murray - Université de Genève

From: "iee"
Subject: San Patricio

Muchas felicidades para todos en San Patricio.
Happy St. Patrick's Day to all of you!

Best regards,

Guillermo MacLoughlin

From: "Thomas J. Archdeacon"
Subject: FW: The Green and the Black

My colleague, Brenda Gayle Plummer has brought the following to the
attention of members of my department.

Tom

- -----Original Message-----
From: owner-uw-history[at]relay.doit.wisc.edu
Subject: FYI: The Green and the Black

>
>Folks,
>
>Allow me to call two matters to your attention. First, today marks
>the inauguration of the GLC's new website, "Tangled Roots: A Project
>Exploring the Histories of Americans of Irish Heritage and Americans
>of African Heritage." The site incorporates about 200 primary
>documents, and is designed for educators and the general public.
>Please take a look at it at www.yale.edu/glc/tangledroots/.
>Congratulations to GLC Affiliates Mary Ann Matthews and Tom O'Brien,
>and web designer Tom Thurston, for their hard work.
- --
Brenda Gayle Plummer
University of Wisconsin-Madison

From: Patrick Maume
Subject: Re: Ir-D Ireland & Empire, Stephen Howe's Response

From: Patrick Maume
In the spirit of Stephen Howe's very fair response to my review of
his IRELAND AND EMPIRE, I thought I'd post a few responses to his
points for the benefit of Diaspora list members. Some of these have
as much to do with my own personal interests and obsessions as with
Howe's book - please pardon any irrelevance:
(1) I did not mean to suggest that fondness for the writings of CS
Lewis as such was somehow improper - I'm quite fond of them myself.
What I suggested was that Ian Adamson's response to them is
uncreative. I was at the Carleton Summer School this year when
Adamson gave a paper, and after some very interesting recollections of
his childhood in 1940s North Down (it was very striking to realise how
much that area has changed within living memory, how recently large
parts of it were suburbanised) he wandered off into an account of
Lewis, Tolkien and the Inklings that simply replicated exisiting
secondary sources and said nothing new. I may do Adamson an injustice
but it seemed to me that this indicates a wider escapism in Adamson's
thought, unlike his fellow Cruthin-fancier Michael Hall who has done
valuable work in cross-community dialogue with his Island pamphlets.
Similarly, I did not object so much to the appearance of Ulster
kailyard imitators (I have a soft spot for such mid-century Ulster
kailyard authors as Lydia M. Foster and even the dire Hubert Quinn) as
to the tendency of present-day "Ulster Scots" revivalists to replicate
a kailyard Scottishness and ignore twentieth-century Scottish literary
developments. I don't think Ulster-Scots revivalism is illegitimate
in itself (indeed when I attended a paper attacking the idea of an
Ulster Scots language revival some time ago I was struck by the fact
that all the objections used - perceived political motivation, absence
or a recent literature or a standard literary language, dialect
differences, the coining of a synthetic language distanced from the
spoken form, an impoverished and predominantly rural vocabulary,
absence of a reservoir of monoglot speakers &c - were all used by
opponents of the Gaelic League 100 years ago. When it comes to
Ulster-Scots revivalism I'm a Gamaliel - the project will stand or
fall by what it achieves, and so far it has achieved very little.
(2) Howe is surprised that I think he was too soft on Mitchel
(while at the same time stressing his importance for later
nationalists). I was referring to his suggestion that Mitchel was
inspired not so much by racism as by an equation of the Southern
States with Ireland and the North with Britain. As a matter of fact,
Mitchel was an extreme advocate of slavery even by the standards of
the time - he declared that blacks were naturally inferior to whites
and destined to savagery without white supervision, he advocated a
reopening of the Atlantic slave trade. Of course Howe is not to blame
for the omission as this area of Mitchel's thought, like so much else
concerning him, has not been written up in detail, but I have come
across a few pieces of it in my research. (Mitchel sneering at the
failure of slave resettlement schemes in Africa as proof of black
incapacity and "the folly of shipping negroes EASTWARD across the
Atlantic"; Mitchel shortly before his death replying to an otherwise
sympathetic priest who asked him "But do not negroes have hearts and
sensations like other men? Do they not have souls, Mr. Mitchel?"
with the words "well, to tell you the truth, I very much doubt
it.") I have also come across a recent Confederate apologist (Kelly
J. O'Grady CLEAR THE CONFEDERATE WAY - THE IRISH IN THE ARMY OF
NORTHERN VIRGINIA (Savas Publishing Company, Mason City, IA, 2000)
using the participation of Mitchel and other Irish nationalists on the
COnfederate side as "proof" that the Confederate struggle was one for
national freedom rather than for slavery.
I do not think that later nationalists who invoked Mitchel's
writings necessarily shared his racism, but I think an account of his
role in the history of Irish nationalism will have to set it out
squarely.
(3) I agree that David Hume's book on presbyterian radicalism and
1798 has not circulated widely (though neither did the Grand Orange
Lodge of Ireland reprint of Ogle Gowan, which Howe does cite - indeed
his willingness to search out such localised publications as sources
for Unionist thinking is one of the book's strengths). The subject
has indeed been addressed by Stewart and MacBride's books but these
are aimed to soem extent at an academic audience, and MacBride does
not write as an Unionist (whatever his private views may be). Hume on
the other hand is published by the Ulster Society, which was avowedly
set up (by David Trimble among others) to promote Ulster-British
culture and has a mainly but not entirely Unionist membership -his
book is hterefore clearly aimed at an audience of Unionist activists
though the extent of its reception is a matter for speculation. I
took part in an interesting Antrim 98 tour run by the Ulster Society
with Hume and an Antrim town local historian as guides (both of course
are Unionists), during which the following exchange took place: HUME
"Speaking as a Ballycarry Presbyterian let me say that we [i.e. the
insurgents] would have beaten ye [the government forces, whom he
implies the second guide as a native of Antrim town represents] if it
wasn't for that damn wall!" SECOND GUIDE "Speaking as a Church of
Ireland Orange blow-in, I'm glad that wall was there!"
(4) I apologise for not noticing the qualifications to Howe's
description of Gow as the last high-profile British Unionist
spokesman. I had originally intended to refer to Lord Cranbourne as
well as to pro-Unionist journalists in this context, but cut him out
for reasons of space and because I feared I might be misread as saying
that Cranbourne is against the Agreement (which he supports).
Cranbourne of course is covered by Howe's reference to Gow as the last
such figure in the Commons. I cited Hitchens' ABOLITION OF BRITAIN as
an example (rather than the work of a more influential figure such as
Michael Gove THE PRICE OF PEACE - AN ANALYSIS OF BRITISH POLICY IN
NORTHERN IRELAND Centre for Policy Studies, London 2000) because
Hitchens' attempt to paint an all-embracing - even semi-paranoid -
picture of the cultural revolution which he wishes the Tories to
oppose does bring out the connection between support for Unionism and
concern with the wider issue of British sovereignty. (An Orangeman
with whom I am slightly acquainted told me a year or two ago that the
Order in England had attempted with some success to recruit among
Eurosceptic activists. Andrew Hunter - the MP for Basingstoke who has
seized on Willie McCrea as his new cause after the political demise of
his former South African friends - is perhaps the most prominent
example of this.) I entirely agree with Howe that these are
flickering embers (and in any case are not so much "imperial" as
"little Englander"). There have of course also been and still are
some pro-Unionist Labour MPs (Kate Hoey being the most prominent
present-day example) but the motives of these are even less
"imperialist".
(6) The point I made was not that Howe did not discuss the views of
pro-Union intellectuals from Catholic-nationalist backgrounds but that
he fails to make it clear to his readers that individuals like Brendan
Clifford or Rory Fitzpatrick are from such backgrounds. I have come
across commentators who assume that all Unionists are necessarily
Protestant and under this impression have attacked individuals from
Catholic-nationalist backgrounds as "Protestant bigots". The
backgrounds of those who change sides in either direction are of
course of limited relevance to their arguments.
Incidentally, Howe's suggestion that Clifford is interested in the
Middle East only as a mirror of the Irish situation is at least partly
mistaken. Clifford has family links with the Middle East (his wife
Angela is half-Arab, half-Jewish Israeli). Clifford's outspoken
support for Saddam Hussein appears to have played some part in his
break with his former Unionist allies, and the Cliffords have since
taken their anti-Zionism to extraoridinary and disgraceful lengths
(even defending David Irving against the charge of holocaust denial
and claiming that the publicisation of Nazi war crimes represents
anti-German propaganda by British Eurosceptics).
(7) I entirely endorse Howe's view on the need for more
comparative studies of the Irish situation (for example, I find Ernest
Gellner's typology of nationalism, which assumes an East European
rather than colonial model, very useful in some of my work on
nationalist intellectuals and on the often uneasy relationship between
Irish nationalism and Catholicism).

I would also like to agree that some of the reviews of Howe have
been nothing short of disgraceful. The IRISH TIMES review of the
book implied that no-one who is not Irish can write about Ireland and
that the "colonial" paradigm represents a distinctively and
authentically Irish way of looking at things (as if no Irish critics
disagreed with it and its upholders did not include many non-Irish
commentators). The "New York" review to which he refers is by Dan
Scanlon in HISTORY IRELAND Spring 2001. Amongst other things it
declares "Howe doesn't like the comparisons the Irish make between
themselves and others" (for which see my comment on the IRISH TIMES
review), accuses him of attempting to forcibly prevent Irish writers
from employing post-colonial interpretations or employing any ideology
other than "Social Democratic modernity... Global Plutocratic
Managerial Menshevism." (Howe 's objection is clearly to the
invication of such ideas by people who have only the most superficial
knowledge of them, not to the use of such work where it can be shown
to shed light on the situation.) Both Howe and Donald Akenson are
accused of endorsing the racism which Akenson outlines in the thinking
of "covenantal peoples" such as Afrikaners, Israeli Jews, and Ulster
Protestants, and Howe is also accused of endorsing racism by referring
to the mixed descent of most Northern Catholic Nationalists and
rotestant Unionists. Howe is repeatedly compared to a torturer or a
secret policeman suppressing dissent. If Mr. Scanlan uses such
language to describe someone who publishes a book with which he
disagrees, what words are left for the real torturers and secret
policemen?

Best wishes,
Patrick Maume

From: Patrick Maume
Subject: Happy St. Patrick's Day



From: Patrick Maume
Happy St. Patrick's Day - despite the foot & mouth animal disease,
which has curtailed celebrations in Ireland.
Best wishes,
Patrick

From: DanCas1[at]aol.com
Subject: Fwd: Italian emigration to Ireland from Casalattico

Forwarded from the H-ITAM list...
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Ireland of the Welcomes - Irish Tourist Board

Ireland of the Welcomes


The Italian Irish - A Quiet Migration

by Maura Ciarrocchi

In Casalattico, Italy, St. Patrick's Day is celebrated with gusto.
Situated south of Rome in the Valle di Comino, the tiny mountainous
village has a touch of Connemara, that rugged region in the west of
Ireland.

On March 17 each year, a special Mass is celebrated in the town in
honour of the Irish patron saint. Green banners abound. Shamrock is
flaunted by those lucky enough to have received it by mail - real
shamrock from Ireland. Irish music, Italian music fills the air.
Sometimes both brands merge. By evening they may be competing! There are
Irish dancers. Some dancers look Italian. Or are they Irish? In many
cases they are both.


Perhaps better-known today for their fish
and chip shops, Italians brought their
famous ice-creams to the towns of Ireland.
This proud owner shows off his new van
which would have been a familiar sight in
the 1930s.
Many of the Italians who settled in Ireland came from sunlit
Casalattico. It wasn't a huge flow of migrants, more of a trickle. But
it was steady. The exodus followed Italy's 1858 revolution, the
Risorgimento. Many settled in England or Scotland, others in Ireland.

Earlier, Irish missionaries had left their mark all over Europe,
including Italy. Munster-born St. Cathal was the patron saint of the
Italian army and revered in Taranto in southern Italy. The great
Norman-Irish families such as the Fitzgeralds claimed Italian ancestors.
The Geraldines can trace their heritage to the powerful Gherardini
family of Florence.

Following the winning of Catholic emancipation in Ireland in 1829, there
was a boom in church building. There was a demand for stone masons,
church decorators and terrazzo tile workers.

Italians with such skills had already been brought over to Ireland to
ornament the graceful houses of Georgian Dublin and the country homes of
the English landlords. Alessandro Galilei built Castletown House in Co
Kildare for William Conolly. Other craftsmen decorated such mansions as
Russborough, Maynooth College and =C1ras an =DAachtar=E1in, in the Phoenix
Park, residence of the President of Ireland.


The exchange continues - a group of
musicians from Borgo San Sepolcro
more typically seen at Siena's
famous horse-race, The Palio, take
part in Dublin's St Patrick's Day
Parade.
There were other reasons why the Italians were quickly assimilated into
the Irish culture. They were not taking work away from the Irish. Their
skills were needed. Both ethnic groups shared the same religion, an
instant, common link intensified because Italians came from the homeland
of Catholicism. The Italians brought gastronomic skills with them
including the introduction of ice cream. They also produced a feast that
is not Italian, one they had learned along the way - fish and chips.

Next to the Jewish community, the Italians form the oldest and most
cohesive group of immigrants in Ireland. They advertise their
nationality through their names - Cipriani, Cafolla, Borza, Fusco,
Macari, De Vito, Cassoni, Caprani.

No wonder St. Patrick's Day is a big day in Casalattico. It's almost
like being in Ireland!

Maura Barry Ciarrocchi now lives in Texas. Her father, David Barry, was
a director of Irish Travel, publishers of a journal which was the
precursor of Ireland of the Welcomes. The title of our magazine was
inspired by a guidebook edited by Mr Barry's colleague, D L Kelleher in
the 1930s.


to read this
article in full

Ireland of the Welcomes


Dominic Candeloro D-Candeloro[at]govst.edu
Exec. Dir. American Italian Historical Assn. http://mobilito.com/aiha
Personal web site: http://www.ecnet.net/users/gcandel/home.html

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Marion Casey's project, on the Archives of Irish America - which she
discussed with us when she was in London, at the University of N London
Conference - is now getting some publicity...

There is a piece in this week's Irish Echo...
http://www.irishecho.com/files/search2.cfm?id=8807

'NYU archives catalogue the Irish immigrant experience'

(as opposed, I suppose, to... 'NYU catalogues archive the Irish immigrant
experience...')

I have distributed this item to the Ir-D list.

There is more sober information about Marion's project at...

http://www.nyu.edu/irelandhouse/archives

If you click on "exhibits" you will be able to see 'The Spin on Ireland.'
And much more, if your modem is fast enough.

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

Forwarded for information...

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ----
March 14-20, 2001 ? Vol. 74 No. 11 ? Largest-Circulation Irish American
Newspaper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ----


NYU archives catalogue the Irish immigrant experience


© 2001 Irish Echo Newspaper Corp.
March 14-20, 2001
By Stephen McKinley


When she left County Kerry behind, and arrived in the United States, she had
no idea that she would end up working at a place with such an odd-sounding
name.
The Dingle peninsula was a world away from the daily grind of a waitress in
Schrafft's. You had to work hard. The pay was OK, and after all, it was
America, and your first job was always a steppingstone to something better.
Today, Schrafft's, the New York restaurant chain that employed many an Irish
immigrant, is gone and those days, the 1950s, are only memories.
But there is one real, physical memento of the hours she put in at the
restaurant. For some reason she kept some of her pay stubs stuffed in an
envelope, lying in the back of a drawer. Easy for such things to get thrown
away over the years -- after all, it was the money that was important, not
the stubs.
Now, however, the pay stubs have acquired a new value. They are a tiny but
vital record of the Irish experience in the U.S. -- they tell the story of
the wages that an Irish immigrant could expect to earn in the 1950s -- and
they will soon join a growing collection of other material in the new
Archives of Irish America at New York University's Bobst Library on
Washington Square South in Manhattan.


The immigration experience
The archives are unique in the United States, and will salvage items in
danger of disappearing forever, as well as documents and images that will
reveal the Irish immigration experience and the distillation of
Irish-American identity. A net has been cast, and a people's history is now
being preserved.
"Every day, it's been disappearing," said Robert Scally, professor of Irish
American history at NYU, "disappearing into garbage cans, people die, houses
are emptied."
Not everything is of value, Scally said, but much of it tells a story.
Letters to and from Ireland, books, newspapers, postcards and photographs,
menus from restaurants, wedding invitations, receipts, bills, passports,
even those lowly pay stubs -- they all speak to us today, from a past that
is perpetually receding from our grasp. As author Pete Hamill puts it, "We
have a tale that has a beginning, and a difficult second act, and then a
third act, which we're living. That's of value to everybody as an example."
Telling the tale of the Irish in America, says Scally, is of vital
importance, and not just for its human-interest value. The research that
will come out of the archives will correct misunderstandings and bring
dignity to the long, arduous immigrant journey experienced by millions of
Irish and the subsequent success story of their Irish-American descendants.
"Many of the myths and memories that we've carried over might be shown to be
shallow, misleading, driven by cliches and stereotypes," Scally said. "Once
you begin to understand in the voice and hand and artifacts of that
population, the stereotypes evaporate, the cliches melt away, and you can
see people as they are and as human beings."
One of the more remarkable items in the archive is a typewritten receipt for
$1,000. It is dated Jan. 21, 1920, and at the bottom it has been signed by
one Eamon De Valera.
This receipt was for a bond, an investment in the Irish Republic. It bears
the words: "Said Bond to bear interest at five per cent per annum from the
first day of the seventh month after the freeing of the territory of the
Republic of Ireland from Britain's military control."
The receipt was issued to the Gaelic Society of New York, where, across the
Atlantic, in America, the Society had held ceilis, charging 25 cents per
person as admission, in order to invest in the fledgling Republic. Stuck
between the pages of the Society's minutes book, it is a striking reminder
of the time when the Irish in America realized that there was finally
freedom and independence in the home they had all left behind. After the
$1,000 bond (the first to have been issued) had been purchased, the minutes
writer has carefully noted that there remained in the bank $213.
The writer's meticulousness is not lost on Marion Casey, who was the
inspiration behind the archives and has been responsible for it since its
inception. She has had to catalogue and index the collection, which grows as
more items are added every week. To her, however, it is a passion. "This is
a long-term project," she said. "We're only at the beginning."
The daughter of immigrants from Kerry and Carlow, Casey is a professor of
Irish American studies at New York University. She studied first at
University College, Dublin, and then trained as an archivist at NYU before
finishing her Ph.D. there. But she came to start the archives in a
roundabout way. Nor was archiving always the primary focus in her
professional life.
"It was the early '90s," she said, "jobs weren't plentiful, and I did it to
have a skill in my back pocket." The training has paid off -- archives of
this nature enhance research into Irish-America immeasurably. But when Casey
started collecting material, she first went looking for contemporary
documents and images. And the inspiration for that came almost by chance.


From junk mail to gems
In 1991, Casey had seen a TV story about a Connecticut man who made a hobby
of collecting junk mail. Casey decided to collect some of the flyers and
advertisements for recent, not old, Irish events.
Poetry readings, ceilis, meetings, lectures, parades; so much of it arrived
in her mailbox or came across her desk, that after a year, she was
astonished at the amount she had accumulated. From that initial experience
sprang the grander notion of archives that would embrace the whole
Irish-American story. The plan finally got under way in 1997, when Casey was
still a doctoral student, with an initial grant from the Irish Institute.
Although her main job is teaching at NYU, the Archives of Irish America
project quickly became her responsibility as well.
As a child growing up in the '60s, Irish culture was an important underlying
dimension of her life, so her understanding of the Irish-American story has
been both personal and professional. Robert Scally has no doubts about her
abilities: "The main qualities that she has brought to the Irish American
Archives are detailed knowledge of documentary sources, good judgement in
separating the wheat in them from the chaff, a fine sense of historical
context and, maybe most of all, incredible stamina." Casey herself stresses
personal experiences.
"Many of my generation were able to go home, because it was the era of air
travel," Casey said. "We had a foot in both worlds, even by the age of 10."
She sees the experience of new Irish Americans as a kind of limbo. "You can
be intensely part of both cultures, Ireland and America, but you can so
easily be rejected by both." The archives will capture that quintessential
state of being. In particular, letters or journals that relate personal
experiences will, she hopes, reveal the loneliness or homesickness that many
immigrants had to deal with, as well as undreamed of new experiences -- for
example, how Carlow immigrant Kathleen Mulvey ended up kissing Robert F.
Kennedy.
That story is one of Casey's favorites in the archives. She has a photograph
that shows a beaming Sen. Robert F. Kennedy shaking hands with Kathleen from
Carlow. It could be any old event -- a fund-raiser, a political meeting --
but before she died, Mulvey told the story behind it to Casey.
"Kathleen Mulvey only passed away last year," Casey said. "She and a friend
used to do catering for parties that RFK held in his house. And they were
going to the annual Irish Institute dinner, so they said to him, 'If you're
free that evening, drop in.' And then they were floored when he did.
Kathleen said that if the shutter had clicked a second earlier, she was
giving him a huge kiss on the cheek."
This aspect of archiving, knowing the story behind an item, is almost as
important as the item itself, and it makes Casey's job all the richer. "It's
nice when you are collecting this stuff, that you hear the stories that come
with it," she said. But it is no easy task. "We're not on top of it at the
moment," she said. "I have a full-time assistant starting in the summer." A
part-time assistant has already helped set the archive into some order,
including working through an odd collection of FBI files from the 1930s
through the '50s.
The files were released under the Freedom of Information Act, and show that
federal agents tracked Irish people who were politically active -- involved
in labor movements or perhaps engaged in Irish politics. The files show that
agents attended meetings and made detailed notes about what various persons
said in speeches in bars and clubs.
"A pointless exercise," Casey said. "Anything of importance that might have
been said would certainly not have been spoken in public or to a crowd of
people. But the National Association for Irish Freedom was under
observation, and so was the Irish Republican Club. My assistant, who put
them in order, reckons they're all harmless stuff."
The only blacked-out, censored parts of the file today are the lines that
might identify an informer -- and as time goes by, less and less will be
censored as the files become less sensitive.
When faced with items such as the FBI files, Casey has to make decisions as
to how and where they are entered in the Archives.


Material culture
"It's a lot of work," Casey said. "We are also collecting contemporary
stuff, of course, and it accumulates pretty fast." Already there are 200
linear feet of shelf space in NYU's Bobst Library. Most of the material is
relatively easy to catalogue and store, such as photographs, documents,
newspapers -- paper products -- but there is the Material Culture section
for occasional oddities, such as the football.
"The ball was one of several used at the only All-Ireland final played
outside of Ireland, in 1947," Casey explained. "It took place in northern
Manhattan, and the ball came into the hands of Kathleen Mulvey," who had
kissed RFK.
The ball has been painted, and you can still make out the signatures of some
of the players from the famous Cavan vs. Kerry match, played in New York
because of a heavy snowfall in Ireland. Artifacts such as this are
interesting in and of themselves, because of their unique connection to an
event. Casey hopes that as certain areas of documentation are filled up, the
Archives of Irish America will become an unparalleled source for research
students.
"We're interested in items that can be used in research projects, because
there's a lot that we don't know yet -- things like constitutions and bylaws
of organizations, such as the county societies," Casey said.
As a result, Casey hopes that the constant loss of Irish-American history,
through documents and photographs being discarded will be halted. Once
entered in the archives, however, the preservation process does not end.
Some of the oldest items, such as an 1811 edition of The Shamrock, an early
New York Irish newspaper, requires high-tech handling.
"It's actually in better condition than some of the more recent newspapers,
because the paper then was made of cotton," Casey said. "Newsprint made from
wood pulp decays much faster." Special plastic folders that ensure a minimum
of touching by human hands are provided for such items.
Technology also allows Casey to make copies. If people want to contribute to
the archive, but don't want to give up treasured photographs, Casey says
that digitally scanning the images is perfectly acceptable for the archives,
and the photographs can then be returned to the owner unharmed.
But technology isn't always so beneficial. Casey wonders how best to archive
something like an Irish website -- there has been an explosion in such sites
in recent years. Some have appeared and disappeared, leaving no trace of
their presence. "It's possible that just a print-out of the homepage would
be enough," she said.
The Archives of Irish America has its own web site at
http://www.nyu.edu/irelandhouse/archives. At the site, you can watch short
interviews -- oral evidence that complements the documents in the archives:
what it was like to be a young, live-in domestic servant in Manhattan in
1930; the political style of Mayor William O'Dwyer and his brother, Paul;
the publicity techniques used by the United Irish Counties Association to
promote its annual feis; reaction to the 1950 visit of Northern Ireland
Prime Minister Sir Basil Brooke; the largesse of writer Brendan Behan, and
the men and women behind the Irish Institute of New York. Anyone interested
in contributing something to the Archives can call Ireland House at NYU at
(212) 998-3950, or e-mail: ireland.house[at]nyu.edu.
While the archives will not be open to the public, Casey hopes to run a
small, occasional exhibit of material from the archives -- currently, she
has put some Irish record album sleeves on display at NYU's Ireland House,
which she has called "The Spin on Ireland."
The sleeves are a wealth of symbols and signifiers that portray changing
images of Irishness over the years. There are the Clancy brothers on a 1956
cover, looking hale and hearty in their Aran sweaters in Greenwich Village.
There is the prevalent color green and the shamrock, but there are other,
less obvious cues on the covers that sends the message of "Irishness," such
as the harp, the shillelagh and the potato. By the '60s, some covers had
images of soda bread and Irish coffee, perhaps suggesting the exportation of
such products to an Irish-American market.
On March 2 this year, the immigrant from Dingle who toiled at Schrafft's
Restaurant marked a special anniversary: 50 years since she stepped off the
S.S. Washington in 1951. For years, the pay stubs that she has kept were in
an envelope at the back of a drawer, and could easily have been thrown
out -- people move house, say, and trivial items like that seem to lose
their currency as a person's life goes by.
But now that immigrant, Joan Dineen from Kerry, has passed the pay stubs on
to her daughter, Professor Marion Casey at the Archives of Irish America,
and they take their place there as a record of the minutiae -- the daily
dollars and cents, the long hours spent on one's feet standing and serving
alongside fellow immigrants from Ireland. One pay stub shows earnings of
just $101.70, for 47 1/2 hours worked one Christmas week in the 1950s.
"This kind of stuff so quickly becomes the only material connection we have
to generations of immigrants," Casey said. A mere pay stub has now become
priceless.




Home

From: Robert Grace
Subject: Bonne St-Patrick!

from: Robert Grace

Bonne St-Patrick au nom des Irlandais du Quebec!

Robert Grace, Universite Laval, Quebec

From: "Dale B. Light"
Subject: David Fitzpatrick's article in BAIS


Dear Dr. O'Sullivan.

Thank you for the full citation on David Fitzpatrick's article. I apologize
for not responding earlier.

Dale Light

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Without wishing to add to the lenghtening list of 'myths' about the Irish
Diaspora...

What evidence do we actually have that southern US slave-owners preferred to
use Irish labourers for dangerous jobs? The only source for this that I can
think of is Frederick Law Olmstead, whose book was (I think) first published
in 1856, and where the suggestion is retailed as hearsay anecdote - 'I have
heard it said', or words to that effect.

Do we have - ooh, for example - a case study of a bid to build a railway,
with one contractor putting in a slave-owner's bid, and another contractor
putting in an Irish navvy bid, and the second bid being the cheaper?

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England


- -----Original Message-----
Sent: 16 March 2001 06:00
To: irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk
Subject: Ir-D Kudos to Cassidy




From: TGLynch[at]aol.com
Subject: Re: Ir-D Spanish Armada/Black Irish myth?

Kudos to Dan Cassidy et al for bringing to light some common
misconceptions. However, while the Irish might never have been *officially*
classified as black, they were certainly commonly considered as no better.
Prodigious diarist and New York politico George Templeton Strong referred to
Irish immigrants as "niggers turned inside out", and at least one wealthy
New
Yorker preferred African American servants to Irish domestics; presumably
the
former were more trustworthy. The stereotype was not limited to the urban
locales where the Irish immigrants were most numerous. Southern slaveowners
often preferred to use cheap Irish labor to perform dangerous jobs; they
were
considered expendable, while African American slaves were a commodity which
was costly. Just my two cents. Tim Lynch

From: "Brian McGinn"
Subject: Re: Ir-D Ireland House Archives NYU

Congratulations to Marion Casey, Glucksman Ireland House and NYU on their
pioneering efforts to preserve Irish America's history.

Although the documents may be more important, the ball from the September
14, 1947 All Ireland final, played in New York's Polo Grounds, really caught
my attention. Sitting on my bookshelf is the program from the All Ireland
Football Final banquet, attended by my father later that evening in New
York's Commodore Hotel. In addition to the menu, this souvenir includes the
lineups for Cavan and Kerry and an autograph page (unfortunately blank).

Despite its sentimental value--I know that my Dad, along with many other
far-downers in New York, were still savoring the result of the game (Cavan
2-11, Kerry, 2-7) as they tucked into their Potage Mongole, Roast Turkey and
Bombe Commodore that Sunday night--I think this belongs in the Archives of
Irish America, along with that autographed football.

I urge other Ir-D members in the U.S. who may have similar items to consider
the professional care and context provided by a professionally staffed
Archive for artifacts and ephemera that are gathering dust in our attics or
often deteriorating before our very eyes.

The Irish Echo account of the 1947 Final included one blooper, in claiming
that it was played in New York due to 'heavy snowfall' in Ireland. The U.S.
venue was in fact the result of an astute lobbying campaign, organized by
Canon Michael J. Hamilton, a Clareman who was the New York representative to
the GAA Central Council in Ireland. The centenary of The Famine's 'Black 47'
was invoked, and a heart-wrenching letter from a homesick and football
starved emigrant was read by a Clare teacher before the GAA Congress on
Easter Monday.

The letter, according to the folklore that has grown up around this event,
had been drafted by the same teacher the night before in Barry's Hotel,
Dublin. And stories later circulated about couriers from the New York GAA
boarding Irish-bound ships, with briefcases stuffed with dollar bills,
during the run up to the big game...It's doubtful that any of the 35,000 in
the Polo Grounds that hot September day, or indeed those in Ireland
listening to Michael O'Hehir's live broadcast from New York, really cared,
as Mayor William O'Dwyer threw in the ball.

For photographs of the game and associated events, see The GAA: 100 Years
(Gill and Macmillan, 1984), with commentary by Michael O'Hehir. Accounts in
Padraig Puirseal, The GAA in its Time (Dublin , 1982); Joseph Milkovits,
"The New York GAA: Origins to Golden Jubilee", New York Irish History, Vol.
3 (1988), 4-7; Harry Keaney, "Cavan, Kerry to commemorate '47 Polo Grounds
game" Irish Echo (NY), April 9-15, 1997, 36.

Brian McGinn
Alexandria, Virginia
bmcginn[at]clark.net

From Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Patrick Maume's St. Patrick's Day greeting reminds me that we should
acknowledge some crises, which impinge, directly or indirectly, on our work.

The foot and mouth crisis in England, Scotland and Wales is much discussed
in the media and on the Web - we need not go into the story, and the
technicalities, here. And some of the discoveries now made public are a bit
of a shock to all of us who eat food.

The disease made it across to France and to the island of Ireland in live
sheep - the circumstances in which it makes economic sense to bulk import
livestock INTO Ireland are hard to imagine. Apparently, allegedly, it was
part of some scam. The disease seems to be under control in Northern
Ireland, and as yet no cases have been reported in the Republic of Ireland.

But, of course, all our farming friends and relations in Ireland are living
in fear. Farming forms a far greater proportion of economic life in Ireland
than it does in Britain. The disease controls have knock-on effects on
tourism, in all its forms. As Patrick Maume reported.

I was going to take my younger boy, Jake, to Ireland in April - for a riding
holiday. (To everyone's surprise he has turned into an enthusiastic
horseman - it has all been wonderful for his confidence, and has taught him
how to learn. And I thought it would be really good for just the two of us
to go to Ireland together.) We have now had to cancel our holiday -
horse-riding being just one of the holiday activities affected by controls.
And, of course, we would not want even the slightest suspicion that we might
bring the disease with us to Ireland - on our boots, on our car wheels.

Meanwhile, people who follow political events in Northern Ireland will be
familiar with that odd mixture of impasse and progress there. Those who
include violence as part of their political repertoire remain active - and
only the most recent manifestation of that was a faction's bomb outside the
BBC television building in London. Normally I would not comment on these
things - but I am in the middle of a research project on the needs of Irish
people in Britain...

P.O'S.

- --
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Irish-Diaspora list
Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/

Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
Fax International +44 870 284 1580

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

Our attention has been drawn to the following item...

Putting All Your Potatoes in One Basket
The economic lessons of the Great Famine.

By Steven E. Landsburg

which reports on the work of Sherwin Rosen at the University of Chicago

http://slate.msn.com/Economics/01-03-13/Economics.asp

P.O'S.

From: Gary A. Richardson
garmam[at]mindspring.com]
Subject: Re: Ir-D Kudos to Cassidy 2


Recognizing the possibility that this too is merely repetition of the myth
in
another context, there was a reference in the documentary _The Irish in
America_ that the Irish in New Orleans post-1845 were often hired work on
levees and other public projects by wealthy plantation owners who were
unwilling
to risk their slaves. While not so grand a scheme as your railroad
hypothesis,
day-labor substitutions do seem quite plausible.

best,

gary a. richardson

irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk wrote:

> >From Email Patrick O'Sullivan
>
> Without wishing to add to the lenghtening list of 'myths' about the Irish
> Diaspora...
>
> What evidence do we actually have that southern US slave-owners preferred
to
> use Irish labourers for dangerous jobs? The only source for this that I
can
> think of is Frederick Law Olmstead, whose book was (I think) first
published
> in 1856, and where the suggestion is retailed as hearsay anecdote - 'I
have
> heard it said', or words to that effect.
>
> Do we have - ooh, for example - a case study of a bid to build a railway,
> with one contractor putting in a slave-owner's bid, and another contractor
> putting in an Irish navvy bid, and the second bid being the cheaper?
>
> P.O'S.
>
> --
> Patrick O'Sullivan
> Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit
>
> Email Patrick O'Sullivan
> Email Patrick O'Sullivan
>
> Irish-Diaspora list
> Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/
>
> Personal Fax National 0870 284 1580
> Fax International +44 870 284 1580
>
> Irish Diaspora Research Unit
> Department of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
> University of Bradford
> Bradford BD7 1DP
> Yorkshire
> England
>
> -----Original Message-----
> Sent: 16 March 2001 06:00
> To: irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk
> Subject: Ir-D Kudos to Cassidy
>
> From: TGLynch[at]aol.com
> Subject: Re: Ir-D Spanish Armada/Black Irish myth?
>
> Kudos to Dan Cassidy et al for bringing to light some common
> misconceptions. However, while the Irish might never have been
*officially*
> classified as black, they were certainly commonly considered as no better.
> Prodigious diarist and New York politico George Templeton Strong referred
to
> Irish immigrants as "niggers turned inside out", and at least one wealthy
> New
> Yorker preferred African American servants to Irish domestics; presumably
> the
> former were more trustworthy. The stereotype was not limited to the urban
> locales where the Irish immigrants were most numerous. Southern
slaveowners
> often preferred to use cheap Irish labor to perform dangerous jobs; they
> were
> considered expendable, while African American slaves were a commodity
which
> was costly. Just my two cents. Tim Lynch

From: Marion Casey
Subject: Re: Ir-D Ireland House Archives NYU 2


Thanks, Brian, for the gracious manner in which you pointed out what was
one of the most glaring factual errors in the piece. I won't be
surprised if the Irish Echo gets several letters from GAA fans about it!
There are other errors but I'll avoid being pedantic except to say that
my mother, who emigrated in 1951, disembarked at the U.S. Lines pier on
the westside of Manhattan! I had happened to mention to the journalist
that we marked her golden anniversary in America by going to Ellis
Island for the 3 Irish Tenors concert on March 6th. Go figure how he
made the mistake! I don't know what the solution is to avoid these kind
of mistakes when dealing with journalists who work for papers without
fact checkers -- and it makes me shiver that we rely on newspapers as
primary sources.

By the way, that program from the 1947 final sounds great!

Marion Casey

- ----- Original Message -----
From: irish-diaspora[at]Bradford.ac.uk
Date: Monday, March 19, 2001 4:06 pm
Subject: Ir-D Ireland House Archives NYU 2

>
> From: "Brian McGinn"
> Subject: Re: Ir-D Ireland House Archives NYU
>
> Congratulations to Marion Casey, Glucksman Ireland House and NYU
> on their
> pioneering efforts to preserve Irish America's history.
>
> Although the documents may be more important, the ball from the
> September14, 1947 All Ireland final, played in New York's Polo
> Grounds, really caught
> my attention. Sitting on my bookshelf is the program from the All
> IrelandFootball Final banquet, attended by my father later that
> evening in New
> York's Commodore Hotel. In addition to the menu, this souvenir
> includes the
> lineups for Cavan and Kerry and an autograph page (unfortunately
> blank).
> Despite its sentimental value--I know that my Dad, along with many
> otherfar-downers in New York, were still savoring the result of
> the game (Cavan
> 2-11, Kerry, 2-7) as they tucked into their Potage Mongole, Roast
> Turkey and
> Bombe Commodore that Sunday night--I think this belongs in the
> Archives of
> Irish America, along with that autographed football.
>
> I urge other Ir-D members in the U.S. who may have similar items
> to consider
> the professional care and context provided by a professionally staffed
> Archive for artifacts and ephemera that are gathering dust in our
> attics or
> often deteriorating before our very eyes.
>
> The Irish Echo account of the 1947 Final included one blooper, in
> claimingthat it was played in New York due to 'heavy snowfall' in
> Ireland. The U.S.
> venue was in fact the result of an astute lobbying campaign,
> organized by
> Canon Michael J. Hamilton, a Clareman who was the New York
> representative to
> the GAA Central Council in Ireland. The centenary of The Famine's
> 'Black 47'
> was invoked, and a heart-wrenching letter from a homesick and
> footballstarved emigrant was read by a Clare teacher before the
> GAA Congress on
> Easter Monday.
>
> The letter, according to the folklore that has grown up around
> this event,
> had been drafted by the same teacher the night before in Barry's
> Hotel,Dublin. And stories later circulated about couriers from the
> New York GAA
> boarding Irish-bound ships, with briefcases stuffed with dollar bills,
> during the run up to the big game...It's doubtful that any of the
> 35,000 in
> the Polo Grounds that hot September day, or indeed those in Ireland
> listening to Michael O'Hehir's live broadcast from New York,
> really cared,
> as Mayor William O'Dwyer threw in the ball.
>
> For photographs of the game and associated events, see The GAA:
> 100 Years
> (Gill and Macmillan, 1984), with commentary by Michael O'Hehir.
> Accounts in
> Padraig Puirseal, The GAA in its Time (Dublin , 1982); Joseph
> Milkovits,"The New York GAA: Origins to Golden Jubilee", New York
> Irish History, Vol.
> 3 (1988), 4-7; Harry Keaney, "Cavan, Kerry to commemorate '47 Polo
> Groundsgame" Irish Echo (NY), April 9-15, 1997, 36.
>
> Brian McGinn
> Alexandria, Virginia
> bmcginn[at]clark.net
>
>