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Email Patrick O'Sullivan

I have pasted in, below, what I know...

The book is listed on Jonathan Skinner's own web page as...

J. Skinner (2003) Before the Volcano: Reverberations of Identity on
Montserrat, Kingston, Jamaica: Arawak Publications (in press for January
2004).

But evidently has only just come out. The publisher, Arawak Publications,
is based in Jamaica - and has published some books about Jamaican Creole,
which have been reviewed. A few years ago Arawak were looking for publisher
partnewrs outside the Caribbean - they seem to have some sort of link with
Pluto Press.

P.O'S.


http://www.qub.ac.uk/sa/Skinnerresearchdetails.htm

http://www.qub.ac.uk/sa/Skinner%20Sample%20publications.htm

http://www.4ni.co.uk/industrynews.asp?id=26995


Arawak Publications
Apt #5, 17 Kensington Crescent
Kingston 5
Jamaica
tel: +1 876 960 7538 / 926 5982
fax:+1 876 960 9219
Email: arawakpub[at]jamweb.net

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Email Patrick O'Sullivan

I shared with Roy Johnston my note about Elizabeth Fox-Genovese 's 'Editor's
Introduction: Of the Writing of History' - I mentioned the fact that she
mentioned John Desmond Bernal, and I thought Roy might be interested.

Roy has kindly sent on some notes on my note...

Roy points out that the history of science is full of Bernal quotes, like
the most important think in science being to ask the right questions etc.
But perhaps the quotes are sometimes not sourced...

A Bernal sphere... should be a cylinder, spinning on its axis, generating a
liveable surface on which gravity is simulated by centifrugal force.

The family name is of Jewish origin... Roys says, Sephardic, from Portugal
- and adds 'Mexico is awash with Bernals I am told...'

Roy Johnston has also kindly made available a section on Bernal from his
book...

Century of Endeavour
A Biographical and Autobiographical Father-Son View of the 20th Century in
Ireland / Roy H W Johnston
(Academica/Maunsel 2003, ISBN 1-930901-76-3)

I have forwarded this text to the IR-D list as a separate email, headed John
Desmond Bernal 2.

Interestingly, I have been reading the obituaries of Francis Crick, who died
yesterday, July 28. Crick is known for his discovery with James Watson of
the double helix, the structure of DNA. Many obituaries mention the
influence on Crick of Bernal - stressing, as Roy Johnston does in his note
to me, the importance of asking the right questions...

P.O'S.


--
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Personal Fax 0044 (0) 709 236 9050

Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/
Irish Diaspora Net
http://www.irishdiaspora.net

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Social Sciences and Humanities
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

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From: Roy Johnston
rjtechne[at]iol.ie

EXTRACT FROM
Century of Endeavour
A Biographical and Autobiographical Father-Son View of the 20th Century in
Ireland / Roy H W Johnston
(Academica/Maunsel 2003, ISBN 1-930901-76-3)

For an overview, see http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne/blurb.htm

(Moderator's Note: Book Information pasted in at the end of this email...)

p349ff

J.D. Bernal FRS and Ireland

In 1984 I came across a biography of JD Bernal FRS(13) by Maurice Goldsmith,
enthitled Sage, which I had occasion to review somewhere (regrettably I have
lost track of this episode). I felt that the author had not done justice to
Bernal's Irish background (he was from Nenagh, Co Tipperary), for which he
had depended mostly on Bernal's own subsequent reminiscences, which seemed
to me to be somewhat romanticised. I looked into the matter, and found that
the book had been written without the co-operation of the family and friends
of Bernal, and that another multi-author biography was in gestation, edited
by Brenda Swann and Francis Aprahamian. I made contact with this project,
and undertook to contribute a chapter on the Irish roots, emphasising the
political angle.

The present writer had encountered Bernal's writings in the 1940s, in the
context of the developing Marxist thinking among the student left. I had
subsequently been in touch with Bernal himself before he died, in the
context of my attempts in the 1970s to initiate some 'science and society'
studies and activities, with Derry Kelleher and others under the banner of
the 'Kane-Bernal Society'. This contact continued virtually, via the Bernal
biography support group, during the lengthy gestation of the projected book
which did not finally get published until 1999(14).

Bernal was initially educated locally; he and his younger brother Kevin went
first to the Nenagh convent school, then to the Protestant school in Barrack
St, this being regarded as preferable to the boys school run by the
Christian Brothers. The building once occupied by this school is the prime
candidate for locating the Bernal plaque.

Bernal picked up locally an early interest in science. In his teens he was
aware of the Birr telescope, with which the Earl of Rosse had some 60 years
previously pushed forward the frontiers of telescope design, and was in
touch with several other local gentleman-amateur scientists, one of whom,
Launcelot Bayly, introduced him to crystallography; with another, one
Parker, Bernal went geologising. He developed a feel for industrial
technology though contacts with local industry, and the mine works at
Shalee.

His mother (who was American) had wanted to support his scientific
inclinations, and researched the Irish educational opportunities. In the end
she sent him to boarding-school in England, initially to Stonyhurst, then
later to Bedford, whence in 1919 he went to Cambridge. There was family
religious pressure (they were Catholic 'minor landed gentry') to take him
out of the Protestant school, and the level of teaching of science in Irish
Catholic secondary schools, even in the elite Clongowes immortalised by
James Joyce, was not up to the standard required by his mother. Boarding-
school in England was considered necessary.

Bernal was however acutely aware of what was going on in Ireland, and
observed it during his vacations, keeping a journal, which is archived in
Cambridge. He recorded his support for Redmondite Home Rule, and
subsequently for Sinn Fein, which position later under the influence of
Cambridge colleagues, primarily Henry Dickenson and Alan Hutt, evolved into
Marxism and support for the Bolsheviks. The influence of his mother's
Protestant background, and early exposure to interaction with the Nenagh
Protestant community, helped him to avoid identifying the Irish national
question with Catholicism, as many had done. During his Bedford period he
had been devoutly Catholic, but in Cambridge he recorded how he lost his
faith sequentially: '..first God, then Jesus, then the Virgin Mary, and
lastly the rites... now I had a quarrel with the Church because I could not
help seeing it as an active agent of political reaction..'.

His Cambridge work on crystallography drew him to the attention of Sir
William Bragg, who was then setting up his research team to take advantage
of X-ray diffraction techniques. He worked with Bragg in the Royal
Institution until 1927, contributing to the experimental technology by the
design of the X-ray photogoniometer subsequently to be produced by Pye of
Cambridge as the standard tool of the domain.

Bernal then went back to Cambridge in 1927 to a lectureship in structural
crystallography, where for the next decade he worked on the structure of
liquids, inventing the 'statistical geometric' approach to liquid modelling,
and on solids of increasing complexity: pepsin, proteins, viruses,
identifying the type of helical structures which subsequently led to the
discovery of DNA.

Politically Bernal's student Marxism, picked up in the immediate aftermath
of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, evolved into an increasingly positive
attitude to science and the role of scientists as a political force. He
retained an interest in Ireland, and his brother Godfey recollected, for the
present writer, his interacting with the German engineers who in the late
1920s were working on the Shannon hydro-electric scheme, which was planned
to supply an Irish 'national grid', then an innovative concept. This project
has received global recognition, with an international award, on the
occasion of its 75th anniversary in 2002. It was a key component of the
infrastructure of the eventual industrial development of the Irish Free
State.

During his Cambridge period he had, thanks to his political activities,
picked up much experience of the interactions between science and
government, with Marxist insight into the historical background. This led
him to publish his seminal Social Function of Science in 1939, which was
celebrated in the 1964 festschrift The Science of Science, edited by
Goldsmith and McKay as the founding text of the thriving scientific study of
science itself in a social context, which by then had begun to thrive(15).

Politically after the war Bernal was increasingly isolated by the 'cold war'
environment. He put much effort into the World Peace Council and to the
nuclear disarmement movement. He was among the prime movers in initiating
the Pugwash conference, which was an important communication channel between
the USA and the USSR at leading science and government level during the
worst period of the cold war. In this process he kept in the background
himself, not wishing to compromise Pugwash by his Marxist associations.

Bernal had a totally integrated and egalitarian approach to science and to
politics; for him the works of the technicians and craftsmen were as
important as those of the scientists. He regarded this egalitarian teamwork
process as being a basis for his visionary model for the socialist society
of the future, rather than the flawed state-centralist model in the east. He
participated however in the Lysenko debates in the Engels Society, the forum
for Marxist scientists in Britain, with JBS Haldane and Hyman Levy, mostly
at the philosophical level, but finding it uncomfortable turned his
attention subsequently to the peace movement and to the promotion of trade
unionism among scientists, having been a founder member of the Association
of Scientific Workers. Successive editions of his Science in History(15)
gave declining attention to Lysenko's significance.

Having burned his fingers with the Lysenko episode, in his review of
Watson's Double Helix, and of the period, in 1968, Bernal concentrated on
evaluating his own lab's relationship to the work, and how they had managed
to 'miss the boat', despite having developed the key experimental
technology. He was unable to make the leap into the ethical and political
problems which subsequently have emerged on the fringes of molecular biology
and its applications. It could be said that the 'Lysenko debate' has, in
effect, re-surfaced, with a new twist.

Due to Bernal's relative isolation during the Cold War, many of his ideas
were developed as a sort of 'Bernalism without Bernal' in various 'science
policy research units' durng the later 1950s and 1960s. They were taken,
with acclamation, to the US by Derek de Solla Price, a Bernal disciple.
These units now flourish, in Sussex, Edinburgh, Manchester and elsewhere,
usually with some recognition of Bernal's influence. There is one in
University College Dublin, in the foundation of which the late Professor
Patrick Lynch had a hand. The latter was co-author, along with the engineer
HMS 'Dusty' Miller, of the 1964 OECD Report 'Science and Irish Economic
Development', which was consciously, though implicitly, Bernalist. The
authors both on different occasions explicitly admitted to Bernal's
influence in the OECD Report context to the present writer, though publicly
due to his Marxism Bernal had then in Ireland somewhat the status of a
'non-person'.

Bernal in Ireland however enjoyed something of a 'posthumous
rehabilitation', in the form of a Royal Irish Academy discourse by his
colleague Dorothy Hodgkin FRS, which took place in 1980(13). The vote of
thanks was proposed by Tom Hardiman, then the Executive Chairman of the
National Board for Science and Technology in Ireland.


NOTE
I have sometimes had occasion to ponder on what might have been my personal
reasons for empathy with Bernal. We were both just too late to have had the
possibility of being involved in a world war, and observed the war from
similar situations: an upper-crust boarding-school, with vacations in a
'minor gentry' rural environment. During vacations the war imposed a need to
improvise in all sorts of ways involving the need to understand technology,
particularly that of energy. There was a degree of alienation in the
neighbourhood network: Bernals as Catholics in a Protestant minor-gentry
enviroment, the Johnstons as jumped-up Ulster peasantry. Thus turned our
respective attentions to intellectual pursuits, and in both cases there were
opportunities to become interested in science and technology. In both cases
our university periods were dominated by world- shaking political
transformation. Perhaps on another occasion I may explore this further..

In practical terms, I count the main influence of Bernal as being in
fuelling my current concern with the cultural history of science and
technology, in the peripheral, post- colonial, emergent-nation environment.
Bernal touched on this, but left the analysis unfinished. He coined the term
'brain-drain' during the 1950s, but failed effectively to address the
problem of how political movements for national independence might deal with
the 'brain-drain' problem at source, in the process of revolutionary
transformation of emergent nations. I have, to the best of my ability,
despite overwhelming constraints, attempted to take this up, swimming
personally against the emigration tide, and helping to contribute to the
creation of opportunities for science graduates, to the extent that I have
been able to do so.

Dr Roy H W Johnston FInstP & Janice G M Williams
Techne Associates (Consultants on Techno-economic, Socio-technical,
Socio-linguistic, Political and Environmental Issues)
22 Belgrave Road, Rathmines, Dublin 6, Ireland
Phone +353-1-497-5027; website http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne
see also http://www.tyndallpublications.com

13. I have expanded on the Bernal influence in the context of the science
and society theme as overviewed in Appendix 11 (see note 11). Dorothy MC
Hodgkin FRS, who worked under Bernal in Cambridge in the early 30s, has
published a biographical memoir in Vol 26, Biographical Memoirs of FRSs, Dec
1980. She also read a paper in the Royal Irish Academy on Oct 28 1980, based
on Bernal's Microcosm; this was published in Vol 81, B, No 3 of the RIA
Proceedings on Sept 2 1981. Helena Sheehan in Dublin City University has a
chapter on Bernal in her Marxism and the Philosophy of Science, a Critical
History (Humanities Press International, 1985 and 1993). The biography
entitled Sage (his nickname) by Maurice Goldsmith, published by Hutchinson
in 1980 is based largely on secondary sources.

14. A multi-author biography J D Bernal: a Life in Science and Politics,
with insights from people having first-hand experience of his
multi-dimensional activity, edited by Brenda Swann and Francis Aprahamian,
was published in 1999 by Verso. Authors include Ritchie Calder, Eric
Hobsbawm, Chris Freeman, Hilary & Steven Rose and others; Chapter 2 on the
Irish roots was contributed by the present writer. Abridged versions of the
first two chapters, by Ann Synge on the family background and by the present
writer on Irish political and scientific influences, were published in Notes
and Records of the Royal Society, Vol 46(2), 267-278 and Vol 47(1), 93- 101
respectively. See also P G Werskey, the Visible College, Allan Lane, London
1978, and EA Roberts, the Anglo Marxists.

15. Bernal's own publications, apart from his numerous scientific papers,
include: The World, the Flesh and the Devil (Cape, 1929), The Social
Function of Science (Routledge Kegan Paul 1939), The Freedom of Necessity
(RKP 1949), Marx and Science (Lawrence and Wishart 1952), Science and
Industry in the 19th Century (RKP 1953, Indiana University press 1970),
World Without War (RKP 1958), Science in History (Watts 1954, 1957 and
1965), The Origin of Life (Wiedenfelt & Nicholson 1967), also posthumously:
The Extension of Man: Physics Before 1900 (W&N 1973).

Dr Roy H W Johnston FInstP & Janice G M Williams
Techne Associates (Consultants on Techno-economic, Socio-technical,
Socio-linguistic, Political and Environmental Issues)
22 Belgrave Road, Rathmines, Dublin 6, Ireland
Phone +353-1-497-5027; website http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne
see also http://www.tyndallpublications.com
Please note that any attached file should be
SAVEd AS 'rich text format' .RTF for it to be legible.

Century of Endeavour
A Biographical and Autobiographical Father-Son View of the 20th Century in
Ireland / Roy H W Johnston
(Academica/Maunsel 2003, ISBN 1-930901-76-3)

For an overview, see http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne/blurb.htm

List price: $74.95 (available via Amazon) Irish Research Series, No.46

NB: SPECIAL DISCOUNT: UK 24BPD /US $39.95/ EUR 34 , shipping/handling
included
Estimated delivery 2-4 weeks. This offer valid until (August 1, 2004 ?)
(this should be
checked out with Academica; it was related to the first print, which was
aborted for technical reasons, and the real issue is only coming out about
now).

Europe: Lavis Marketing, 73 Lime Walk, Headington, Oxford OX3 7AD
Tel 01865 767575, Fax 01865 750079, e-mail jim[at]lavismarketing.co.uk

USA: ACADEMICA PRESS, LLC, 7831 Woodmont Ave. Suite #381,Bethesda,
MD.20814, email: academicapress[at]aol.com

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From: Kerby Miller
MillerK[at]missouri.edu]
Subject: Re: [IR-D] QUB lecturer writes play on 'black Irish' 3

Thanks,
KM



>Email Patrick O'Sullivan
>
>I have pasted in, below, what I know...
>
>The book is listed on Jonathan Skinner's own web page as...
>
>J. Skinner (2003) Before the Volcano: Reverberations of Identity on
>Montserrat, Kingston, Jamaica: Arawak Publications (in press for
>January 2004).
>
>But evidently has only just come out. The publisher, Arawak
>Publications, is based in Jamaica - and has published some books about
>Jamaican Creole, which have been reviewed. A few years ago Arawak were
>looking for publisher partnewrs outside the Caribbean - they seem to
>have some sort of link with Pluto Press.
>
>P.O'S.
>
>
>http://www.qub.ac.uk/sa/Skinnerresearchdetails.htm
>
>http://www.qub.ac.uk/sa/Skinner%20Sample%20publications.htm
>
>http://www.4ni.co.uk/industrynews.asp?id=26995
>
>
>Arawak Publications
>Apt #5, 17 Kensington Crescent
>Kingston 5
>Jamaica
>tel: +1 876 960 7538 / 926 5982
>fax:+1 876 960 9219
>Email: arawakpub[at]jamweb.net

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Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Strange indeed are the themes that attract the interet of the IR-D list.

Thanks, people, for comments...

Jim, I had not found this Irish references list...

I note that it did not spot Episode 3F20, the one I mentioned.

But other interesting things there would include...

[2F20] Smithers says he tried to march in the New York St. Patrick's Day
parade.

and

[EABF11] Grampa says that during the last meteor shower they thought
the sky was on fire so naturally they blamed it on the Irish and hanged more
then a few.

... Which is a cryptic Grampa reference to the Great Fire of Chicago...

See... etc., etc.

http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/skyfire.html

Was It A Cow Or A Meteorite?
by Captain Mica Calfee
http://www.riotacts.com/fire/cow-comet.html

And...

The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow
by Richard F. Bales

Paddy


-----Original Message-----

From: Rogers, James
JROGERS[at]stthomas.edu
Subject: RE: [IR-D] Two Simpsons items

Perhaps you have already alerted the list to this site, devoted to Irish
references on the Simpsons? -- Jim R

http://www.snpp.com/guides/irish.refs.html

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From: Brian McGinn
bmcginn2[at]earthlink.net
Subject: Irish Speakers in South America



Thanks to all who responded, both on and off List.

Despite the Gaelic surname, it would not have been surprising that Francis
Burdett O'Connor did not speak Irish.

He was actually a Conner, the surname having been changed by his father when
the family split along political lines.

See my footnote (n. 5) on this in "St. Patrick's Day in Peru, 1824", in the
Irish in South America folder on IrishDiaspora.net.
http://www.irishdiaspora.net/vp01.cfm?outfit=ids&requesttimeout=500&folder=9
&paper=151

We don't know for sure where Collins came from; it is certainly plausible
that he was a Kerryman.

And that, as one off-list poster has suggested, he spoke English with such a
heavy brogue that only another Kerryman could understand him!

However, I'd like to believe that it really was Irish, despite the so-far
unexplained and/or implausible aspects of the account.

Following Dympna Lonergan's point about the advantages of landlords speaking
Irish, Sandes' mother Alicia Browne was from Ventry on the Dingle Peninsula,
surely an Irish-speaking area.

His father Henry Sandes was from Glenfield, Co. Kerry, a place name I cannot
locate on any modern map.

(This from the bible of Anglo-Irish ancestry, Sir Bernard Burke, A
Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Ireland (London:
Harrison & Sons, 1912), p. 623.

But place names change and disappear over time.......

A resident of modern Moyvane, Co. Kerry recently told me that many young
people in the area have no idea when visitors ask for directions to
NewtownSandes or Newtownsandes.

It is the former name for the north Kerry village of Moyvane, and they have
websites to prove it:

http://homepage.eircom.net/~moyvane2000/start.html

http://www.geocities.com/dalyskennelly_2000/newtownsandes2.html

http://www.limerick-leader.ie/issues/20001028/news10.html


Brian McGinn
Alexandria, Virginia
bmcginn2[at]earthlink.net

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Subject: Article, Brown v. Board of Education: An Irish Perspective
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There has been much discussion in the USA of the anniversary of the landmark
case Brown v. Board of Education...

Many web sites deal with the issues - for example...
http://www.lib.umich.edu/exhibits/brownarchive/

http://www.brownat50.org/

But a search will find many more...

"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate
but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently
unequal."
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483. 495 (May 17, 1954)

"For all men of good will May 17, 1954, came as a joyous daybreak to end the
long night of enforced segregation. . . . It served to transform the fatigue
of despair into the buoyancy of hope."
Martin Luther King, Jr.
(from a 1960 address to the National Urban League)

An interesting article by Raymond Friel, formerly head of law at the U of
Limerick, broadens the discussion, and interrogates the Constitution of the
Republic of Ireland in the light of the Brown decision...

Title Brown v. Board of Education: An Irish Perspective: "The Better
Angels of Our Nature"
Author Friel, R. J.
Citation WASHBURN LAW JOURNAL VOL 43; NUMB 2 2004 225-252
YEAR 2004
ISSN 0043-0420
Language Note English

There isn't an Abstract, but the article is freely aavailable as a pdf file
on the Washburn Law Journal web site...

http://washburnlaw.edu/wlj/43-2/

P.O'S.

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Email Patrick O'Sullivan

A number of articles originally published some time ago have - as is the way
- begun to appear on the web and thus in our web trawls...

Often these articles chime with the interests of IR-D members - so, for the
sake of completeness, I am forwarding details to the list...

Here's one...

P.O'S.

The History of the Family
Volume 3, Issue 1 , 1998, Pages 17-34

doi:10.1016/S1081-602X(99)80233-4
Copyright C 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.

Family systems and the foundations of class in Ireland and England

Donna Birdwell-Pheasant*

Professor of Anthropology at Lamar University in, Beaumont, Texas, USA

Available online 4 February 2000.


Abstract

The article examines the history and development of family systems in
England and Ireland, with special attention to the role of moral
constructions in establishing differential advantage among family members
and to the consequences for society of such differentiation. It is argued
that the English system of primogeniture contributed to the proliferation of
bureaucracy and entrepreneurship, the growth of a middle class, and the
creation of a landless and mobile laboring class. The Irish system of
preferential inheritance with some partibility, on the other hand, deterred
the rise of such class differentiation and concentration of wealth. Both
societies developed a "bifocal morality" with respect to heirs and nonheirs
or lesser heirs, a morality situated in economics and politics in England
and nurtured within the family in Ireland.

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Subject: Article, Irish Gaeltacht Commission Report of 1926
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Journal of Historical Geography
Volume 19, Issue 2 , April 1993, Pages 157-168

doi:10.1006/jhge.1993.1011
Copyright C 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.
Regular Article

Building a nation: an examination of the Irish Gaeltacht Commission Report
of 1926

Nuala C. Johnson

Available online 30 April 2002.

Abstract

Studies of nationalism and nation-building have emphasized the importance of
language in defining cultural identity. This paper explores how the Irish
language in the context of the Irish Free State was placed in a position of
cultural importance but the region in which the language was most alive was
economically neglected. Whilst the west of Ireland was represented as the
most quintessentially Gaelic part of the independent state, an image that
was bolstered both by academic, quasi-academic writers and by politicians;
the economic policy of the Irish Free State ignored the clear spatial
variations in economic development that characterized the new state. While
the eastern part of the state was comparatively prosperous, the western
regions presented the state with a regional economic problem. This problem
was identified through a government commissioned report designed to make
recommendations for the maintenance of the Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking
district) but the state refused to adopt a regionally based economic
strategy that would enhance the continued viability of the Gaeltacht
regions. As a consequence, the state adopted a paradoxical cultural policy
that separated its success from the economic circumstances prevailing in the
Gaeltacht and ensured the declined of Irish-speakers in this part of the
state.

Journal of Historical Geography
Volume 19, Issue 2 , April 1993, Pages 157-168

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Political Geography
Volume 11, Issue 2 , March 1992, Pages 170-189

doi:10.1016/0962-6298(92)90047-W
Copyright C 1992 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nation-building, language and education

The geography of teacher recruitment in Ireland, 1925-55

Nuala C. Johnson

Department of Geography, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London
WC1H OAP, UK

Available online 3 July 2002.


Abstract

The achievement of Irish independence in 1921 raised the question of the
definition of a national cultural identity. Although this identity had been
debated in a pre-independence context and an effective counter-hegemony to
the dominant cultural values of the British state had been established, once
independence was achieved it was necessary to put into practice many of the
cultural ideals expressed earlier. This paper examines how the Irish
language emerged as one of the foundations of Irish identity and how the
education system became the cornerstone of the state's language policy.
Using the concepts of hegemony and 'organic' intellectual as developed by
Gramsci, I argue that there was a clear geographical bias in the
implementation of a scheme of language revival through the primary schools.
This bias favoured the Irish-speaking (Gaeltacht) regions of the country.
The teachers recruited from these areas formed a stratum of 'organic'
intellectuals and acted as mediators between the state and the society that
constituted it. In this context, nation-building is treated as a dynamic
process where views of national identity are contested and debated before
particular state policies are adopted.

Political Geography
Volume 11, Issue 2 , March 1992, Pages 170-189

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Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
Volume 18, Issue 3 , September 1999, Pages 356-375

doi:10.1006/jaar.1999.0346
Copyright C 1999 Academic Press. All rights reserved.
Regular Article

Wasteful Advertising and Variance Reduction: Darwinian Models for the
Significance of Nonutilitarian Architecture

E. F. Aranyosi

Department of Anthropology, Box 353100, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, 98195, f1

Received 26 August 1998; revised 9 December 1998; accepted 15 April 1999.
; Available online 1 April 2002.

Abstract

This article presents a comparison of Neiman's (1998) wasteful advertising
hypothesis for the function of monuments in "anthropological" time with
Dunnell's (1989; Madsen et al., this issue) bet-hedging hypothesis for the
effect of variance reduction through wasteful energy expenditure in
"evolutionary" time. Comparison of the predictions of the two models is
based on the analysis of the passage graves and associated monuments of the
Boyne Valley, County Meath, Ireland, and other Irish Megalithic monuments.
Analysis suggests that while Neiman's model is one explanation for the
generation of material remains that are indicative of extreme expenditures
of energy, it is not the only viable explanation. The Irish Megalithic
monuments do not falsify the process of energetically expensive behavior in
general, but fail to confirm the predictions of the wasteful advertising
model.

Author Keywords: Irish megaliths; Irish agricultural conditions;
bet-hedging; costly signaling; evolutionary archaeology

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European Journal of Political Economy
Volume 20, Issue 1 , March 2004, Pages 5-22
Special Section: Mini-symposium on Professional Prejudice and Discrimination
in the History of Economic Thought

doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.01.003
Copyright C 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Statistical prejudice: from eugenics to immigrants

David M. Levy a, , and Sandra J. Peart b

a Buchanan Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
b Department of Economics, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, OH 44017, USA

Received 10 August 2002; Revised 12 November 2002; accepted 6 January
2003. Available online 20 February 2004.

Abstract

Economic analysis of statistical discrimination and prejudice has been
limited to the subjects of economic theories, consisting of ordinary people
who make decisions with less than complete information. We consider here the
statistical theorists themselves as we demonstrate how the prejudices of
Francis Galton and Karl Pearson influenced their statistical analysis of
populations that included Jews. We examine Galton's composite photographs of
Jews and Pearson's analysis of the characteristics of Jewish immigrants to
Britain.

Author Keywords: Author Keywords: Eugenics; Statistical prejudice; Galton;
Pearson; Immigration

J7; B31

Article Outline

1. Prejudice and resemblance
2. Eugenics, biometrics, and classical economics
3. Galton and the Jews
4. Pearson and the Jews
5. Eugenics and the economists
6. Conclusion: dismissing the theorist
Acknowledgements
References

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I am never quite sure whether or not to forward information about articles
like this, available on the web but not yet asigned a place in the print
version of the journal...

But I find that if I delay and wait, I've just given myself another task to
add to the list...

So, moving this one along...

That point about female literacy tiurns up again and again in development
studies...

P.O'S.


World Development
Article in Press, Corrected Proof

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.04.002
Copyright C 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Microfinance and Famine: The Irish Loan Funds during the Great Famine

Aidan Hollis and Arthur Sweetman

University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Accepted 7 April 2004. Available online 10 July 2004.


Abstract

What happens to microfinance organizations when faced with massive external
shocks such as famines? Using a unique and extensive data set, we analyze
the impact of the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s on the Irish loan funds.
The funds were a large and important microfinance institution operating
throughout Ireland. We find that the pre-famine capital ratio of each fund
was a strong predictor of survival of the fund through the famine. Among
available local demographic variables, the most significant is the rate of
female literacy, which was strongly correlated with the probability of fund
survival.

Author Keywords: microfinance; Ireland; famine; capital structure

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Microfinance, sustainability, and crisis
3. The loan funds before the famine
4. The great famine
5. Effects of the famine on the funds
6. Sustainability and the loan funds

(a). Data
(b). Regression results

7. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

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2 sections of interest on the web site of the journal, Archipelago...=20
http://www.archipelago.org/

I find the design of the web site a bit confusing...

But, some information about An Leabhar M=F2r / The Great Book of =
Gaelic...

Plus an essay by Hubert Butler, and 2 studies of Butler by Chris Agee...

P.O'S.

1.
http://www.archipelago.org/vol7-3/anleabharmor.htm

Volume 7, Number 3

Malcolm MacLean - An Leabhar M=F2r / The Great Book of Gaelic - =
Introduction
http://www.archipelago.org/vol7-3/maclean.htm

Theo Dorgan - Twentieth Century Irish-Language Poetry
'Irish continued to be spoken as a living, adaptive and ambitious =
language.
On building sites in Coventry as much as in the both=E1ns of Kerry and =
the
fire stations of Boston and Chicago, with neither fuss nor fanfare, the
language endured and mutated, as all living languages do, out of sight =
and
out of mind.'=20
http://www.archipelago.org/vol7-3/dorgan.htm

Twenty-Two Irish and Scottish Gaelic Poems, Translations and Artworks

An Leabhar M=F2r - Resources
http://www.archipelago.org/vol7-3/lresources.htm

2.
Volume 5, Number 1
Butler p 15
Hubert Butler - The Sub-Prefect Should Have Held His Tongue
http://www.archipelago.org/vol5-1/butler.htm

Agee p. 28
Chris Agee - The Balkan Butler
http://www.archipelago.org/vol5-1/agee.htm

Agee p. 42
Chris Agee - The Stepinac File
http://www.archipelago.org/vol5-1/agee2.htm

http://www.archipelago.org/vol5-1/vol5no1.pdf

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One of 2 articles of interest in the latest issue of Folklore...

P.O'S.


Who were "the Men of the West"? Folk historiographies and the reconstruction
of democratic histories

Folklore 2004, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 201-221(21)

Guy Beiner

Abstract:
In 1798, a French expeditionary force under General Humbert landed in County
Mayo to support the United Irishmen's rebellion. Both the French and their
local allies were eventually defeated by British and Yeomanry troops, but
the memory of the events and personalities of "the Year of the French" was
still strong when the Irish Folklore Commission started its collecting
mission in the 1930s. This article suggests that the folk narratives of
these events can be collated into an alternative, and more democratic,
version of the rebellion. Popular interest rested not with the French
general (except as a scapegoat for defeat) but with local men (and women) of
less elevated status. The common people of Ireland were, in their own
narratives, less directed from above and more agents in their own right.
These are less a corrective to the supposedly "authoritative" histories
written by professionals and diffused through the media and education
system, than a coherent, alternative historiography.

Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0015-587X

DOI (article): 10.1080/0015587042000231282
SICI (online): 0015-587X(20040101)115:2L.201;1-

Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group

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Assimilation, Faith and Identity: Educational Implications of Change and
Continuity

Pastoral Care in Education September 2004, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 22-28(7)

Helen Johnson[1]

[1] Roehampton University of Surrey, UK

Abstract:
In England, the presence of an established church places its adherents
within the social mainstream. Other religious groups have been tolerated
though suffering social and educational disadvantages. With the passage of
time through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, minority religious
groups such as Irish Catholics have been assimilated into the host culture,
and allowed to have their own schools.

However, it would appear that contemporary movements of people to the United
Kingdom have retained loyalties not only to their own religion, but, in some
instances to their own language, which they perceive as a vital element of
their own culture and identity. Demands for schools, within the state-funded
system, for minority religious groups have not lessened. As faith schools in
England increase in number, their role in a multicultural society becomes
increasingly problematic. Lessons about changing models of assimilation and
identity can be learnt from a brief review of the historic Irish Catholic
experience that, in turn, can illuminate the current experience of a Greek
Orthodox school in south London.

Keywords: culture; religion; schools

Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0264-3944

DOI (article): 10.1111/j.0264-3944.2004.00300.x
SICI (online): 0264-3944(20040901)22:3L.22;1-



Publisher: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the National
Association for Pastoral Care in Education

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Irish Folklore Commission and the memory of the Great Famine
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P.O'S.


Approaching a folklore archive: the Irish Folklore Commission and the =
memory
of the Great Famine
=20
Folklore 2004, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 222-232(11)
=20
Niall Cios=E1in
=20
Abstract:
Using the Irish Folklore Commission's centenary survey of local accounts =
of
the Great Famine (1845-50), this article posits a tripartite taxonomy of
collective memory: the "global," the "popular" and the "local." Global
memory was structured by meta-narratives, the explanatory accounts of =
the
Famine derived from the Catholic Church and nationalist political
organisations. Local memory dealt with named individuals and places. The
intermediate level of popular memory drew on both the local and the =
global
(although the Church's interpretation of the famine had proved more
acceptable among the rural, landowning farmers who made up the majority =
of
the Commission's informants), but also on folk narrative tradition to =
create
a coherent system of representation in which motifs were replicated over =
a
large area (and over time).
=20
Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0015-587X

DOI (article): 10.1080/0015587042000231291
SICI (online): 0015-587X(20040101)115:2L.222;1-
=20
Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
=20

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Colonialism and journalism in Ireland

Journalism Studies August 2004, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 373-385(13)

Michael Foley[1]

[1] Dublin Institute of Technology Ireland

Abstract:
Irish journalism developed during the 19th century at a time of tremendous
change. While journalists were involved in the debates about nationalism,
both as commentators and in many cases activists, they also developed a
journalism practice that corresponded to the professional norms of
journalists in Britain and the United States. It would appear that the
middle-class nature of Irish journalists meant there was a dual pressure
towards professionalising journalism and fighting for legislative
independence. Both factors came together in the development of a public
sphere, where professional journalists were involved in creating public
opinion.

Keywords: Journalism; Ireland; Professionalism; History, Colonialism;
Newspapers

Document Type: Research article ISSN: 1461-670X

DOI (article): 10.1080/1461670042000246115
SICI (online): 1461-670X(20040801)5:3L.373;1-

Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group

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Innovation in language contact
=20
Diachronica 2004, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 113-160(48)
=20
Kevin McCafferty[1]
=20
[1] University of Troms=F8
=20
Abstract:
The be after V-ing gram has been used in representations of Irish =
English
since the seventeenth century. In early texts it often has future =
meanings
that have been regarded as inauthentic because the Irish Gaelic =
construction
that is the source of the gram is a perfect. This article accounts for =
the
coexistence of future and perfect uses as an outcome of the interaction =
of
two types of language transfer: the gram was =91borrowed=92 (=91pull =
transfer=92)
into English by English-speakers as well as being =91imposed=92 (=91push
transfer=92) on English by Gaelic-speakers. In borrowing the gram,
English-speakers attributed to after prospective senses that =
grammaticalise
as futures, especially desire and goalward movement. In imposition,
Gaelic-speakers and language-shifters used be after V-ing as a perfect, =
in
line with retrospective meanings of after and the semantics of the =
Gaelic
construction. Both transfer types occurred simultaneously, though future
uses dominated the record until the mid-eighteenth century. This gave =
way to
a century of change until mid-nineteenth century, and perfect senses =
have
dominated since the 1850s. The timing coincides with the spread of
bilingualism and language shift: as more Irish shifted to English,
imposition became the dominant transfer type. Thus, future uses are an
outcome of =91negotiation=92 in the contact between Gaelic and English: =
Gaelic
contributed the structure and perfect semantics, English the future
semantics. Comparison with a crosslinguistic model of future
grammaticalisation shows future uses of be after V-ing to conform to the
development typical of future grams.
=20
Keywords: Irish English; language contact; language transfer;
grammaticalisation; tense-aspect; future; hot-news perfect
=20
Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0176-4225

SICI (online): 0176-4225(20040101)21:1L.113;1-
=20

=20
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company

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The latest article by IR-D member Louise Ryan...

P.O'S.



Family Matters: (e)migration, familial networks and Irish women in Britain

The Sociological Review August 2004, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 351-370(20)

Louise Ryan[1]

[1] Middlesex University

Abstract:

The recent increase in transnational migration among women has lead to a
reappraisal of theoretical explanations of migratory movement ( Castles and
Miller, 2003; Fortier, 2000; Zulauf, 2001). This paper reviews a number of
theoretical explanations of transnational migration and then applies these
theories to a qualitative study of women who migrated from Ireland to
Britain in the 1930s. I explore the women's reasons for leaving Ireland and
their experiences as young economic migrants in Britain in the inter-war
years. Women have made up the majority of Irish migrants to Britain for much
of the twentieth century yet the dominant stereotype of the Irish migrant
has been the Mick or Paddy image ( Walter, 2001). Through an analysis of
these twelve women's narratives of migration, I explore themes such as
household strategies and familial networks. I am interested in the
interwoven explanations of migration as both a form of escape ( O'Carroll,
1990) and a rational family strategy and, hence, the ways in which women's
decision to migrate can be seen as a combination of both active agency and
family obligation. Drawing on the work of Phizacklea (1999) as well as
Walter (2001) and Gray (1996, 1997), I will analyse the ways in which family
connections may transcend migration and engage with the concept of
'transnational family' ( Chamberlain, 1995). In so doing, I raise questions
about the complex nature of migration and the extent to which it could be
described in terms of empowerment.

Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0038-0261

DOI (article): 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00484.x
SICI (online): 0038-0261(20040801)52:3L.351;1-



Publisher: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Keele University