Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article, Diversity, Immigration,
and the Politics of Civic Education
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.


publication
PS Political Science and Politics

ISSN
1049-0965 electronic: 1537-5935

publisher
Cambridge University Press

year - volume - issue - page
2004 - 37 - 2 - 253

article

Diversity, Immigration, and the Politics of Civic Education

Junn, Jane

table of content - full text

abstract

Classrooms across the nation have over the past two decades taken a diverse
turn, most notably in the changing face of school children from
predominantly white to increasingly multiracial and multicultural.
Immigrants and their children now account for more than 20% of the U.S.
population, and roughly a third of Americans consider themselves to be
something other than white. The younger average age of immigrants and higher
birthrates among these groups and minority populations more generally
contribute to an even larger proportion of non-whites under the age of 30.
In-migration of this magnitude is not unprecedented in the United States; an
even larger share of the U.S. population was foreign born at the dawn of the
twentieth century. During that period it was Irish, Italian, and Jewish
immigrants rather than the Mexican, Chinese, and Afro-Caribbean immigrants
of today who faced political, economic, and social barriers in their racial
classification as "less than" white (see, e.g., Jacobson 1998; King 2000).
Indeed, there is a clear echo of earlier calls for schools to properly
socialize children of immigrants into patriotic ways in many of the
contemporary claims citing the imperative of civic education to preserve the
true character of American democracy. These efforts prioritizing the
adoption and inculcation of a particular set of values and civic behaviors
sit at one end of a continuum; qualities of patriotism, obedience, and
belief in the superiority of the United States system of government rank
highest among the ideal characteristics to be fostered in this view of civic
education. Further along the continuum, however, are a set of imperatives
for civic education to stem the tide of youth disengagement and to renew
political interest, efficacy, and political and social activity among
American youth. The emphasis in this position is less on the adoption of
nationalistic patriotic values, for example, and more on the development of
skills and predispositions to encourage democratic deliberation and social
and political action.

keyword(s)

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Research Seminar in Contemporary Irish History, Dublin
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.


-----Original Message-----
From: Deirdre McMahon
Subject: Research Seminar in Contemporary Irish History

RESEARCH SEMINAR IN CONTEMPORARY IRISH HISTORY: OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2004

This seminar is a forum where those engaged in research in Contemporary
Irish History can discuss their work. It is open to all willing to
participate, including researchers visiting Dublin to use the National
Archives, National Library and other repositories.

Proposals for papers can be directed to any of the three convenors: Dr
Michael Kennedy (Royal Irish Academy, difp[at]iol.ie); Dr Deirdre McMahon (Mary
Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Deirdre.McMahon[at]mic.ul.ie); and
Professor Eunan O'Halpin (Trinity College Dublin, eunan.ohalpin[at]tcd.ie)

Seminars take place at 16.00 each Wednesday in the IIIS Seminar Room C6002,
Sutherland Centre, Level 6, Block C, Arts Building, Trinity College Dublin.

13 OCTOBER: G2 (Military Intelligence), the Coastwatching Service and the
Battle of the Atlantic. Dr Michael Kennedy, Executive Editor, Documents on
Irish Foreign Policy.

20 October: Radical Ireland, Conservative America ? The politics of radical
networks in the 1960s. Tara Keenan Thomson, Trinity College Dublin.

27 OCTOBER: A shot across the bows of the Irish Press: the case against the
Waterford Standard. Anthony Keating, Dublin City University.

3 NOVEMBER: Where Nelson's Pillar was not: the golden jubilee of the Easter
Rising, 1966. Dr Roisin Higgins, Humanities Institute of Ireland, UCD.

10 NOVEMBER: Broadcasting and public life: news and current affairs,
1926-1997. Professor John Horgan, Dublin City University.

17 NOVEMBER: Researching Irish Film Censorship. Dr Kevin Rockett, Trinity
College Dublin.

24 NOVEMBER: Who owned the legacy of 1916 ? The politics of commemorating
the 1916 Rising, 1922-66. Dr Diarmaid Ferriter, St Patrick's College,
Drumcondra.

1 DECEMBER: 'There is no immunity in this island either': invisible enemies
and Ireland's Emergency, 1939-45'. Dr Clair Wills, Queen Mary College,
University of London.

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article,
The Development of Intergroup Forgiveness in Northern Ireland
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

For more on the Enright Forgiveness Inventory see...
http://www.forgivenessinstitute.org/index.htm

A web search will uncover more...

What is odd is how quickly forgiveness has become an industry... See, for
example...
http://www.forgiver.net/forgive2.htm

P.O'S.




The Development of Intergroup Forgiveness in Northern Ireland

Journal of Social Issues September 2004, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 587-601(15)

Frances McLernon[1]; Ed Cairns[1]; Miles Hewstone[2]; Ron Smith[3]

[1] University of Ulster [2] University of Oxford [3] University of London

Abstract:
As societies like Northern Ireland, Israel, and South Africa strive to
resolve social conflict, there is growing theoretical and empirical interest
in the role of intergroup forgiveness. This study examined intergroup
forgiveness among 340 young adults in Northern Ireland. A short form of the
Enright Forgiveness Inventory explored possible influences on propensity to
forgive. All participants were Catholic and female (mean age 17.36 years),
and had experienced verbal or physical injury or bereavement due to the
Northern Irish political violence. Overall forgiveness levels were low in
comparison with previous studies of interpersonal forgiveness but similar to
previous studies of intergroup forgiveness in Northern Ireland. The
strongest (negative) predictor of forgiveness was the perceived degree of
hurt caused by the injury.

Document Type: Research article ISSN: 0022-4537

DOI (article): 10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00373.x
SICI (online): 0022-4537(20040901)60:3L.587;1-



Publisher: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Society for
the Psychological Study of Social Issues

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Two items about cartoon sheep
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

From time to time I get asked about the Irish origins of Shaun the =
Sheep.

Shaun is not an Irish sheep - he is, I think, a Yorkshire sheep.

His name came about because in certain English accents 'Shaun' and =
'Shorn'
are Sound-Alikes or Homophones.

So, below, 2 items about cartoon sheep...

Thanks to Moira Ruff for her contribution to what - I sincerely hope - =
will
not become a regular series.

P.O'S.


1.
Shaun the Sheep gets his own show

Shaun the Sheep, the woolly star of the Wallace and Gromit short A Close
Shave, is to get his own show on CBBC, the BBC's digital channel for
children.

The 40-part series, commissioned from Aardman Animations, begins =
production
at the end of the year and will be transmitted on CBBC in 2006.

The show will follow the adventures of Shaun and the rest of his flock =
as
they join in with his madcap schemes.=20

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3684150.stm

2.
From: Moira Ruff=20
m.ruff[at]sheffield.ac.uk
Subject: Jewish sergeant major drills moral values into Irish laggards?

Dear Paddy

Here is an item from the copy of Metro newspaper, distributed free on =
trains
and buses. It is from the "60 second interview" column (I've included =
the
whole text here, from their website www.metro.co.uk.) You may find some
interesting observations about Irish stereotypes in there to extract?

Mel Brooks

by Keiran Meeke, September 24th, 2004

One of the few people to win an Oscar, an Emmy, a Grammy and a Tony, =
comedy
writer-director Mel Brooks shot to fame with The Producers in 1968. His =
next
two projects, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein, firmly established =
his
career. Brooks recently voiced the character Wiley The Sheep for a new =
TV
cartoon series, Jakers!, which is set in Ireland.

- Did you go over to Ireland to record the part of Wiley?
No, I did it in California, actually. I don't know where they did the
animations [India]. The show is set in Ireland but the writers are in =
Los
Angeles, as is the studio. I go in and see my little character, Wiley. =
He
has come from Brooklyn to straighten out some laggard, poor Irish sheep. =
I
play him like a drill sergeant. Piggley Winks is the hero and he has =
many
different types of friends. I did the show because I have a =
granddaughter.
- Has this made you her hero?
Yes. Samantha is my only grandchild. She is six years old and tells
everybody that Wiley the sheep is her grandpa. She's very, very proud of =
me.
I've done a lot of movies that she doesn't know about and I may have won =
a
couple of Oscars - but, because of Wiley, I'm her hero. The show is good
stuff, the kids are wonderful and the horses are very endearing. It's =
very
charming and what is really nice about it is that a little moral comes
through but they don't hit you hard with it. For example, once you have
committed to a subject or project or your homework, stick with it and =
there
will be a nice reward in that. It teaches the kids rights and wrongs, =
and
about different ways of life.

- Do you have a motto?
Strike while the iron is hot. Plus every clich=E9 that my mother used to =
say
to me when I was a kid. I used to tell her: 'Please, Mum, that's a =
really
tired clich=E9.' She would reply: 'Don't worry about it. If you have =
your
health, you have everything.' Now that I'm at the age my mother was =
then, I
realise she was right. If you are healthy then nothing else really =
matters.

- Were you in the studio by yourself?
The first time I did a recording session, I was with a whole bunch of =
young
people with Irish accents and it was wonderful. After that, they caught =
me
when I was free. Usually I would come to the studio and record by =
myself. It
would take about an hour or so to do and it was very enjoyable.

- Is lamb off the menu now in the Brooks household?
Well, it's off the menu when I eat with my granddaughter.

- Your style of delivery relies a lot on facial expressions and hand
movements. Will they give these to your character?
They've done some of them so I see generally how the sheep moves but =
they
follow me, my expressions, my moves and my voices. The animation follows =
my
own vocal dexterity. I'll record the voice and people follow it through.

I may have won a couple of Oscars but it's Wiley who has made me a hero =
to
my granddaughter Did the scripts make you laugh?
The writers are very talented. There is a team of them and sometimes one
will write an episode alone and sometimes they collaborate. You can't =
single
one out, so I prefer not to mention any names.

- You must have felt a real temptation to ad-lib - which would drive the
animators crazy...
I took some fancy liberties. I would yell at the sheep and say: 'Hey, =
you're
acting like sheep. You're just walking around baaing at each other. I've
gotta take you to a couple of Western movies where the sheep eat the =
grass.
You eat the grass too far down and the cattle don't, so the cattle =
farmers
get angry and they shoot the sheep. You hear me? They shoot the sheep!' =
I'd
say to the producers: 'Please, if any of it could be used as part of the
show, it's just a little off-the-wall comedy, use it...' And they used =
it
all. They like Wiley, they like me and they like my whole Brooklyn =
attitude.
I sound a little like Jimmy Durante. I'm usually loud and stupid and it
really works for Wiley.

- How did you get into the character of a sheep?
I just play myself and the sheep follows.


Kind regards
Moira Ruff
Research Officer
Department of Law
University of Sheffield
Crookesmoor Building
Conduit Road
Sheffield S10 1FL
Tel: +44 (0)114 222 6776
Fax: +44 (0)114 222 6832
Please visit our website www.sheffield.ac.uk/law

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Book Announced, history of Irish Centre, London
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.


Refuge for scattered souls

New book marks 50th anniversary of the London Irish Centre

Mary O'Hara
Wednesday October 6, 2004
The Guardian

A few decades ago, when signs declaring "no blacks, no Irish" were
commonplace in the windows of British B&Bs, the London Irish Centre was a
haven for immigrants searching for a welcoming taste of home in an alien
city.

This year, the centre celebrates its 50th anniversary. And, to mark the
occasion, it is hosting an exhibition, and a book is to be published that,
for the first time, chronicles the centre's history and the experiences of
people who have passed through its doors.

The Scattering, written by Camden councillor Gerry Harrison, charts how the
Irish Centre - originally set up in 1954 as a religious refuge run by the
Catholic church to "save souls" - evolved over the years. It traces how, as
thousands of Irish men and women flooded in to London, the centre became a
focal point for the burgeoning community.

The author says he "badgered" Father Jerry Kivlehan, the last priest to run
the centre before retiring this year, for permission to write the book. "I
wanted to tell the stories of the real people who used the centre," Harrison
says. "I wanted it to be accessible too, and it therefore has lots of great
anecdotes about people's experiences."

Harrison admits it has been a sentimental exercise, but he insists that
recording the centre's past has produced an important social historical
document. "Things have changed - there's no doubt about that," he muses.
"The days when it was a big social centre have passed . . . now you'll even
find other ethnic groups using the facilities. But it still does a lot in
the cultural field and for elderly Irish people in London."

. Details at: www.irishcentre.org

http://society.guardian.co.uk/societyguardian/story/0,,1320141,00.html

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: An Irish passport
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.


Bigley given Irish passport in move to sway captors

Ewen MacAskill, Jamie Wilson, Brian Whitaker and Rory McCarthy in Baghdad
Wednesday October 6, 2004
The Guardian

The Irish government issued a passport to Iraq hostage Ken Bigley in the
hope that the country's long history of conflict with Britain might sway
those holding him.

The government planned to scan a copy of the passport for screening on the
Arab television network al-Jazeera last night.

Mr Bigley went to Iraq on a British passport but is entitled to Irish
citizenship because his mother, Elizabeth, was born in Ireland.

The Irish foreign minister, Dermot Ahern, said: "Kenneth Bigley's family has
asked for an Irish passport to be issued in order to help convince his
kidnappers of his Irish citizenship.

"I am happy to agree to this request and I, the Taoiseach, and the
government as a whole very much hope that it will contribute to the efforts
to secure his release."

Full text at....

http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1320457,00.html

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Obituaries, Michael Donaghy, Ian Cochrane
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.



Michael Donaghy

Gifted practitioner of poetry and Irish traditional music

Sean O'Brien
Friday September 24, 2004
The Guardian

'The American poet Michael Donaghy, who has died suddenly aged 50, was a New
Yorker who had made his home in London. He was a leading figure in the
richly talented generation of poets who emerged in the 1980s, as well as an
Irish traditional musician of repute.

Donaghy was born into an Irish family and grew up in the Bronx. He studied
at Fordham University and the University of Chicago, where he edited the
Chicago Review and founded the acclaimed Irish music ensemble Samradh Music.
In 1985, he moved to London to join his partner and fellow musician Maddy
Paxman, whom he married in 2003...'

Full text at...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1311545,00.html


Ian Cochrane

Maurice Leitch
Thursday September 23, 2004
The Guardian

'Ian Cochrane, who has died aged 62 from a heart attack, produced a
critically acclaimed stream of six unusual, darkly comic novels through the
1970s and early 1980s.

Each title attested to the author's surreal and mischievous sense of humour,
such as Gone In The Head (1975), which was runner-up for the 1974 Guardian
Fiction Prize, Jesus On A Stick (1975) and Ladybird In A Loony Bin (1978).
His first novel, A Streak Of Madness, was published by Allen Lane when he
was 32 and hailed as "the creation of an extraordinarily gifted artist".
Earlier, there were stories in Faber & Faber's Introductions Four and
Penguin Modern Stories.

Born in a two-roomed cottage in a remote, rural part of Mid-Antrim, Ian and
his three brothers and a sister, like most others at that period in Ulster,
went through some lean and hungry times. However, as he often said, it gave
him a taste for writing; it also provided an abundance of source material
for his work, most of which is set in that territory of one-street villages,
pub back-rooms and country roads after dark where burgeoning sexuality and
crazed evangelism come together in a heady mix. No wonder his favourite
writers were William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor...'

Full text at...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1310415,00.html

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article, Shannon Scheme for the Electrification
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.



History and reflections on the way things were. Shannon Scheme for the
Electrification of the Irish Free State
Hammons, T.

This paper appears in: Power Engineering Review, IEEE

Publication Date: Nov. 2002
On page(s): 36 - 38
Volume: 22 , Issue: 11
ISSN: 0272-1724
Inspec Accession Number: 7448483
Abstract:
The Irish Electricity Supply Board's (ESB) Shannon Hydro Electric Scheme
joined the ranks of world-recognized engineering feats on 29 July 2002 when
it received Milestone and Landmark Awards to mark its 75th Anniversary. The
Shannon Scheme was officially opened at Parteen Weir on 22 July 1929. One of
the largest engineering projects of its day, it was successfully executed by
Siemens to harness the Shannon River. It subsequently served as a model for
large-scale electrification projects worldwide. Operated by the Electricity
Supply Board of Ireland, it had an immediate impact on the social, economic
and industrial development of Ireland and continues to supply significant
power beyond the end of the 20th century.

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Another item about cartoon sheep
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

Oh, for goodness' sake...

Our attention has been drawn...

Here is another item about a cartoon sheep.

John the Sheep - who is Irish...

It is fun. Well done Brendan O'Connell, Frank Prendergast and Emmet
O'Neill...

P.O'S.


John the Sheep

"When a strange woollen man comes to the aid of a hapless bankrobber the
ensuing crime spree prompts this urgent appeal for help from the forces for
law and order."

Written by Brendan O'Connell and animated by Frank Prendergast and Emmet
O'Neill, "Sex, Booze and a Sheep Named John: Crimescene" was funded by the
Irish Film Board as part of the Irish Flash II scheme. We are proud to have
partaken in the first two Irish Flash schemes.

The animation was developed with both broadcast and web delivery in mind. We
used 3d tools to block out the animation and then drew most of the frames by
hand, based on output from the 3d applications. We think the result is quite
unique.

The animation is available to view on this website, it is roughly 2.5
megabytes in size, in Flash format.

Click here to open the animation in a new window...

Flash animation at...

http://www.9mmfilm.com/animation.htm

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Scots-Irish & Pop history 2
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

From: Brian McGinn
bmcginn2[at]earthlink.net
Subject: RE: [IR-D] Scots-Irish & Pop history

In answer in James Rogers' query, I think it's something that's been
"gaining steam" for a few decades.

Especially in the works of Grady McWhiney (see especially his "Cracker
Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South"), and those of Forrest and Ellen
McDonald:

http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/rednecks/rednecks.html

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Folklife/Customsand
LocalTraditions&id=h-552

http://www.electricscotland.com/history/scottish_american.htm

http://members.aol.com/jilliemae/ulster2.htm

Brian McGinn
Alexandria, Virginia
bmcginn2[at]earthlink.net

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> From: Rogers, James
> JROGERS[at]stthomas.edu
> Subject: Scots-Irish & Pop history
>
> Did anybody else notice this? The cover story on today's (Oct 3)
> PARADE magazine (a newspaper supplement that is delivered to 36
> million homes) is "Why You Need to Know the Scots-Irish " by James
> Webb. The author is an ex-marine, novelist, and former military
> official in the Reagan administration.
>
> The piece is redolent of 19th-century nativist literature. The closing
> paragraph, for instance, asserts that "as America rushes forward to
> yet another redefinition of itself ... my culture needs to reclaim
> itself -
stop
> letting others define, mock and even use it - and in so doing regain
> its power to shape the direction of America." Webb essentially argues
> that rednecks - his word - are a) all Scots-Irish, and B) what made
> America great. Among the historical assertions he makes is a claim
> about "the Scots-Irish tradition of disregarding formal education"
> (which would probably have surprised someone like Woodrow Wilson,
> who's mentioned elsewhere in the article) and - this seems especially
> astonishing to me -
an
> implication that Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the bus
> because of her Scots-Irish great-grandfather.
>
> The article, if you're somehow beyond PARADE magazine's reach, will be
> posted on their web site archive on October 11
> Am I missing something, up here on the
> Northern plains? Is this introduction
of
> Scots-Irishness into conservative discourse something that's been
> gaining steam?
>
> Jim Rogers
>
> PS: My grandma was from Stomping Ground, Kentucky, so I think I'm "clean."

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Scots-Irish & Pop history 3
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Gary Kenneth Peatling
crssrd03[at]yahoo.ca
Subject: Re: [IR-D] Scots-Irish & Pop history


No one seems to have responded to Jim, about which I can't say I am
surprised, since consideration of this takes us potentially into some
controversial areas, at least if you feel about some of these issues as =
I
do. But let me have a go anyway.
=20
I cannot really answer the question about whether "the introduction of
Scots-Irishness into conservative discourse [has been] something that's =
been
gaining steam" in recent times. What I would say however is that there =
has
long been a potential for displays of Scots-Irish/Scotch-Irish identity =
to
intersect with discourses of United States nationalism which are =
relatively
unreconstructed if not racially supremacist. If one thinks about how =
the
history of the Scotch-Irish in the US has commonly been written - =
especially
in modes of "pop history" - the scope for such an intersection is great. =
In
another context, I've suggested how formations in Scotch-Irish identity =
in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth century thus are often dominated =
by
declarations, to summarise crudely, along the lines of =13the United =
States is
a great nation, and we Scotch-Irish helped build it in the eighteenth
century by slaughtering as many native Americans as possible=14. =
Logically
also, if the Scots-Irish did indeed "make America great", as these
formations at the time and now Webb's article (as reported) seem to =
suggest,
there is a danger that any later or other immigrant group might =
jeopardise
that greatness by their polluting presence. Very dangerous territory.=20
=20
Now (and this is where I might be going out on a limb) it seems to me =
the
problem with such formations is not anything intrinsic to Scots-Irish
identity itself, which certainly can have less pernicious =
manifestations,
but the essentialism of the argument. There is frequently a misplaced
conceit that lies at the bottom of it, symptomised by Webb's type of
implicit argument that "we" made America great so should be given more
credit: even if the Scots-Irish of several generations ago made a unique
contribution to America's greatness (which argument is debatable at =
every
point), why should the likes of Webb take any satisfaction/credit from =
it?
(Reminds me of the British tabloid newspaper argument that the French =
are
ungrateful and forget that "we" saved them during the second wrold war =
...)
It further seems to me that this essentialism can appear and be as big a
problem in very different forms of "identity politics". To give an =
example
of what I mean, the argument mentioned about Rosa Parks immediately =
called
to my mind Gerry Adams' recent _Hope and history_ which contains a posed
photograph of Adams with Rosa Parks: the book also contains a related =
(and
some would say nauseating) chapter about how Nelson Mandela is Adams'
'hero', which recalls Adams earlier assertion that Irish =
republicans/'the
Irish' had 'always' identified with the victims of apartheid (which
assertion, appearing in his _Before the dawn_, and takes us back to the
point about essentialism).
=20
Another example, pertinent to the discussion of neo-conservative =
discourse
in the United States. I recall about a year ago hearing an interview on =
the
BBC world service with an American ambasador of Irish Catholic descent =
(I do
not remember his name: can anyone help me out?). What sticks in my =
memory
about this interview was how in a general discussion and attempted
justification of US policy toward Iraq, the ambassador volunteered =
aspects
of his own family's history. Roughly the implication was the US had =
allowed
his forebears entry to the country and redemption from abject poverty =
from
the time of the Famine, therefore the US was a great country, therefore
everyone should support US military action in Iraq. Now please let's =
*not*
discuss the rights and wrongs of coalition military action in Iraq: for =
the
record I was in favour, but it still strikes me that this is not very =
good
way of defending said action, and an argument that in its essentialism =
could
take us into some very dangerous (on that basis could one *ever* =
criticise a
US government ...?)
=20
Gary Kenneth Peatling
=20


From: Rogers, James
JROGERS[at]stthomas.edu
Subject: Scots-Irish & Pop history
=09
Did anybody else notice this? The cover story on today's (Oct 3)
PARADE
magazine (a newspaper supplement that is delivered to 36 million
homes) is
"Why You Need to Know the Scots-Irish " by James Webb. The author is
an
ex-marine, novelist, and former military official in the Reagan
administration.
=09
The piece is redolent of 19th-century nativist literature. The
closing
paragraph, for instance, asserts that "as America rushes forward to
yet
another redefinition of itself ... my culture needs to reclaim
itself - stop
letting others define, mock and even use it - and in so doing regain
its
power to shape the direction of America." Webb essentially argues
that
rednecks - his word - are a) all Scots-Irish, and B) what made
America
great. Among the historical assertions he makes is a claim about
"the
Scots-Irish tradition of disregarding formal education" (which would
probably have surprised someone like Woodrow Wilson, who's mentioned
elsewhere in the article) and - this seems especially astonishing to
me - an
implication that Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the bus
because
of her Scots-Irish great-grandfather.
=09
The article, if you're somehow beyond PARADE magazine's reach, will
be
posted on their web site archive on October 11 Am
I missing something, up here on the Northern plains? Is this
introduction of
Scots-Irishness into conservative discourse something that's been
gaining
steam?
=09
Jim Rogers
=09
PS: My grandma was from Stomping Ground, Kentucky, so I think I'm
"clean."
=09

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: IRISH HERITAGE IN YORKSHIRE
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information.

P.O'S.


FROM MAYO TO LEEDS - IRISH HERITAGE IN YORKSHIRE
By Richard Moss 02/09/2004

'A new project that aims to record the lives, experiences and culture of the
Irish community in Leeds has secured funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund
and the Home Office.

The two-year project is being developed by the Leeds Irish Health and Homes
(LIHH) community group and will focus on the identity, migration and
settlement in Leeds of Irish people. The result will be a large format
photographic book, a UK and Ireland touring exhibition and a website.'

Full text at...

http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/nwh/ART23809.html

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article,
...acknowledging the non-economic worlds of migration
decision-making
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.

Population, Space and Place
Volume 10, Issue 3 , Pages 239 - 253

Published Online: 13 May 2004

Copyright C 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Research Article
A utopian imagination in migration's terra incognita? acknowledging the
non-economic worlds of migration decision-making
Keith Halfacree *

Department of Geography, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park,
Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
email: Keith Halfacree (k.h.halfacree[at]swansea.ac.uk)

*Correspondence to Keith Halfacree, Department of Geography, University of
Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.

Keywords
migration . culture . non-economic . critical theory . utopia

Abstract
This paper calls for us to show greater appreciation of the non-economic
issues that inform much migration behaviour, balancing rather than replacing
work done within the economic tradition. Drawing primarily on material
concerned with internal migration within the so-called developed world,
attention is given to the enculturation of both migration theory and
research as an entry point to work on this non-economic dimension. From this
springboard, the paper focuses on three lessons that can be learnt from
ongoing research into migration beyond the economic. Firstly, it notes a
danger that this work assumes something of a separate and, arguably,
subordinate status to that still being done on the crucial economic
dimensions of migration. Secondly, and this time more positively, this
non-economic work challenges the existence of any economic reductionism
within our understanding of migration. Thirdly, and most controversially, it
is suggested that the non-economic worlds of migration revealed through a
culturally-aware lens can facilitate the glimpsing of a more utopic
imagination, critiquing key elements of our dominant socio-economic and
cultural institutionalised practices. Work on counterurbanisation and
gendered tied migration is used to illustrate these three lessons. Copyright
C 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received: 25 July 2003; Revised: 31 December 2003; Accepted: 5 January 2004

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1002/psp.326 About DOI

blank
blank

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Scots-Irish & Pop history 4
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

There is a background problem here - and I am not sure how to handle it...

James Rogers sent his original query here, to the Irish Diaspora list, AND,
at the same time, to Thomas Archdeacon's Irish Studies list.

As people who are members of both lists will be aware.

There is a certain amount of overlapping membership. I have, in the past,
sometimes, discouraged attempts to send the same message to both lists -
though I would not go so far as to say there is an actual policy in place.

In any case, James Rogers' original message raised quite legitimate Irish
Diaspora Studies matters, matters which I am sure some scholar will want to
look at systematically at some time in the future.

However, as Gary says, below, there were initially no responses to the IR-D
list... But there were responses to Thomas Archdeacon's Irish Studies
list... Where a lot of the obvious points have been made.

Is Thomas Archdeacon's list archived and available anywhere? Does anyone
feel like summarising the points that were made there?

Anyone feel like offering guidance?

Paddy


-----Original Message-----

Gary Kenneth Peatling
crssrd03[at]yahoo.ca
Subject: Re: [IR-D] Scots-Irish & Pop history


No one seems to have responded to Jim, about which I can't say I am
surprised, since consideration of this takes us potentially into some
controversial areas, at least if you feel about some of these issues as I
do. But let me have a go anyway...

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: The Making of Rocky Road to Dublin
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

From today's Guardian...

P.O'S.


Portrait of a brainwashed society

Peter Lennon's film about Ireland was feted at Cannes and adopted by the
revolutionaries of 1968. But in his home country, cinemas refused to =
screen
it

Monday October 11, 2004
The Guardian

'In the 1960s, I was a freelance journalist living in Paris and working =
for
the Guardian, which sent me home to Ireland to cover the Dublin theatre
festival. Soon after my arrival, my drinking friends began trying to
convince me that Ireland had shed all its shackles. "Nobody pays any
attention to the clergy," they said. "Censorship is a thing of the =
past." I
didn't really care one way or another, living in Paris, but finally I =
asked
the newspaper to let me stay on in Dublin for a few weeks. The result =
was a
series of articles with headlines like Climate of Repression, Students =
in
Blinkers, and Grey Eminence (about the archbishop of Dublin).

The uproar lasted more than a year.

I then got the idea - outlandish, for someone who had never shot a foot =
of
film in his life - of making a film on these themes. In the result, =
Rocky
Road to Dublin, completed in 1968, Irish society condemns itself out of =
its
own mouth. Brainwashed school kids admit casually that their "their
intellect was darkened, their will weakened and their passions inclined =
them
to evil"; patriotic sportsmen confirm that any member of their =
organisation,
the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), who plays or even looks at a
"foreign" game such as soccer or cricket will be expelled; university
students of the newish republic tell how they are not allowed to discuss
politics on campus. We counted up the modern writers who had works =
banned in
Ireland: Truman Capote, Andr=E9 Gide, Hemingway, Orwell, Salinger, =
Wells. And
Irish writers from Beckett to O'Casey to Shaw...'

=B7 Rocky Road to Dublin and The Making of Rocky Road to Dublin screen =
at the
Cork film festival on Saturday. Details: 00 353 21 427 2263

Full Text at...

http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/story/0,,1324238,00.html

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article, Colour in folklore and tradition - The principles
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

It's not easy being green...

From the journal, Color Research & Application.

P.O'S.



Color Research & Application
Volume 29, Issue 1 , Pages 57 - 66

Published Online: 11 Dec 2003

Copyright C 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

Article
Colour in folklore and tradition - The principles
John Hutchings *
6 Queens Road, Colmworth, Bedford MK44 2LA, United Kingdom
email: John Hutchings (john.hutchings[at]physics.org)

*Correspondence to John Hutchings, 6 Queens Road, Colmworth, Bedford MK44
2LA, United Kingdom

Keywords
history . color preference . folklore

Abstract
Human beings use colour to manipulate their personal appearance and
environment. A large part of this usage falls within the area of oral
tradition and ritual that have been handed down within families, tribes or
geographical areas. The resulting images are part of our culture; they are
activities that give us feelings of belonging and of doing the right thing.
Two surveys were designed to learn more of these very human activities. The
first centered on Britain and Ireland; the other was international. Three
major driving forces were found for the use of colour in folklore and
symbolism - economic, historical and social. The Principle of Adaptation of
Physical Resources accounts for the choice of mourning colours of most
countries. Colour usage in death echoes the three approaches to mourning of
sadness, joy (for the life of the dead), and fear of the spirits of the
dead. The Principle of Adaptation of Ideas accounts for regional variations
in colour folklore. This embodies a Darwinian-type principle of behavior,
that is, to survive within a community a belief must have relevance to that
community. A major principle of folk medicine involving colour is the
Principle of curing like with like. There are four Principles of Colour
Selection in folklore - by the contrast displayed, as a transfer from the
perceived or actual usefulness of the colour, by association, and by
availability. Green above all colours has especial significance both in the
UK and Ireland. In everyday language it is the Principle of Singularity that
controls use of colour words as symbols. The biological mechanism permitting
these many and contrasting uses of colour depends on the fact that colour is
a perception, not the property of an object. That is, a colour can mean
whatever we wish it to mean.

C 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 57-66, 2004; Published
online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI
10.1002/col.10212

Received: 30 November 2002; Revised: 29 January 2003; Accepted: 20 February
2003

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Article,
Marine erosion and archaeological landscapes: A case study of
stone forts
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.

Geoarchaeology
Volume 19, Issue 2 , Pages 167 - 175

Published Online: 13 Jan 2004

Copyright C 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company


Short Contribution
Short contribution: Marine erosion and archaeological landscapes: A case
study of stone forts at cliff-top locations in the Aran Islands, Ireland
D. Michael Williams
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, National University of Ireland,
Galway, Ireland

Funded by:
Millenium Fund, National University, Galway, Ireland

Abstract
Two massively constructed stone forts exist on the edge of vertical coastal
cliffs on the Aran Islands, Ireland. One of these, Dun Aonghusa, contains
evidence of occupation that predates the main construction phases of the
walls and broadly spans a time interval of 3300-2800 yr B.P. The other fort,
Dun Duchathair, has been termed a promontory fort because its remaining wall
crosses the neck of a small promontory marginal to the cliffs. Estimates of
past rates of marine erosion in this part of Ireland may be made both by
analogy with studies in other areas and comparison with present day rates of
marine erosion. A working model for erosion rates of approximately 0.4 m of
coastal recession per annum is suggested. By applying this rate to the
cliffs of the Aran Islands, it can be shown that, assuming a construction
date of approximately 2500 yr B.P. for these forts, they were originally
built at a considerable distance from the coastline. Thus Dun Duchathair was
not a promontory fort. The earliest recorded habitation at Dun Aonghusa,
dated to the middle of the Bronze Age, was, therefore, at some distance
inland and not on an exposed 70 m high cliff on the edge of the Atlantic
Ocean.

C 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Received: 18 May 2002; Accepted: 28 April 2003

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: TOC Eire-Ireland, Volume 39:1&2, Spring/Summer 2004
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1258"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

The latest issue of =C9ire-Ireland is currently available, for free, as =
a
Project Muse free sample....

=C9ire-Ireland, Volume 39:1&2, Spring/Summer 2004
{http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/eire-ireland/}

TOC pasted in below....

See separate IR-D message for some implications of this development...

A very interesting issue... A credit to guest editor Sean Farrell. =
Much to
interest IR-D...

P.O'S.


=C9ire-Ireland
Volume 39:1&2, Spring/Summer 2004
CONTENTS

* Farrell, Sean, 1966- Guest Editor's Introduction
=20

* Maume, Patrick. Standish James O'Grady: Between Imperial Romance =
and
Irish Revival
=20
Subjects:
o O'Grady, Standish, 1846-1928.
o Ireland -- History -- 19th century.

* Vandevelde, Karen. An Open National Identity: Rutherford Mayne, =
Gerald
McNamara, and the Plays of the Ulster Literary Theatre
=20
Subjects:
o Ulster Literary Theatre.
o Uladh.
o Mayne, Rutherford, 1878-1967.
o MacNamara, Gerald.
o National characteristics, Irish, in literature.

* O'Regan, Maebh. Richard Moynan: Irish Artist and Unionist =
Propagandist
=20
Subjects:
o Moynan, Richard.
o Ireland -- Politics and government -- 19th century --
Caricatures and cartoons.

* Tracy, Thomas. The Mild Irish Girl: Domesticating the National =
Tale
=20
Subjects:
o Morgan, Lady (Sydney), 1783-1859. Wild Irish girl.
o Edgeworth, Maria, 1767-1849. Absentee.
o Ireland -- In literature.
o Women in literature.

* Oakman, Anne. Sitting on "The Outer Skin": Somerville and Ross's
Through Connemara in a Governess Cart as a Coded Stratum of
Linguistic/Feminist "Union" Ideals
=20
Subjects:
o Somerville, E. =8C. (Edith =8Cnone), 1858-1949. Through =
Connemara in
a governess cart.
o Ross, Martin, 1862-1915.
o Connemara (Ireland) -- In literature.
o English language -- Ireland.
o Women in literature.

* Herron, Tom. Dead Men Talking: Frank McGuinness's Observe the Sons =
of
Ulster Marching Towards the Somme
=20
Subjects:
o McGuinness, Frank. Observe the sons of Ulster marching =
towards
the Somme.
o Protestants -- Ulster (Northern Ireland and Ireland) -- =
Drama.
o Dance of death in literature.
o World War, 1914-1918 -- Literature and the war.

* Patterson, Henry, 1947- The Limits of "New Unionism": David =
Trimble
and the Ulster Unionist Party
=20
Subjects:
o Ulster Unionist Party.
o Trimble, W. D. (W. David)
o Northern Ireland -- Politics and government -- 1994-

* McAuley, James W. Fantasy Politics? Restructuring Unionism after =
the
Good Friday Agreement
=20
Subjects:
o Northern Ireland -- Politics and government -- 1994-
o Unionism (Irish politics)
o Great Britain. Treaties, etc. Ireland, 1998 Apr. 10.

* Peatling, Gary, 1970- Unionist Identity, External Perceptions of
Northern Ireland, and the Problem of Unionist Legitimacy
=20
Subjects:
o Unionism (Irish politics)
o National characteristics, Irish.
o Northern Ireland -- Foreign public opinion.
o Northern Ireland -- Politics and government.

* Bradley, Joseph M. Orangeism in Scotland: Unionism, Politics,
Identity, and Football
=20
Subjects:
o Loyal Orange Institution of Scotland.
o Orangemen -- Scotland -- Attitudes.
o Rangers (Soccer team)
o Scotland -- Politics and government.

* Miller, Kerby A. Belfast's First Bomb, 28 February 1816: Class
Conflict and the Origins of Unionist Hegemony
=20
Subjects:
o Social conflict -- Northern Ireland -- History -- 19th =
century.
o Protestants -- Northern Ireland -- History -- 19th century.
o Northern Ireland -- Politics and government -- 19th century.
o Unionism (Irish politics) -- History -- 19th century.

* Contributors
=20

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Eire-Ireland developments
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

The latest issue of =C9ire-Ireland has appeared at....
Project Muse
{http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eire-ireland/}

Project Muse makes the full text of some journals available to =
participating
organisations.

On Project Muse there is often a free sample issue - and, since =
=C9ire-Ireland
has only just appeared there, the free sample issue is in fact that =
latest
issue...

=C9ire-Ireland, Volume 39:1&2, Spring/Summer 2004
{http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/eire-ireland/}

TOC sent to IR-D as a separate message....

This news has good elements and bad... Participation in Project Muse =
does
make =C9ire-Ireland more visible and more available to institutions. =
But not
all of us are members of participating institutions.

AND, I have noted in earlier IR-D messges, some issues of =C9ire-Ireland =
are
already available, for free, on Findarticles...
http://www.findarticles.com/

Look in 'Publications by Name' under E...

The issues available there, for free, are...=20

Eire-Ireland:Journal of Irish Studies
* Fall-Winter, 2003
* Spring-Summer, 2003
* Fall-Winter, 2002
* Spring-Summer, 2002
* Fall-Winter, 2001
* Spring-Summer, 2001

I would advise IR-D members to look at that web site and at those issues =
of
=C9ire-Ireland. And download immediately anything there that interests. =
I
suspect that soon those earlier issues will disappear from the free =
service,
and re-appear on one of the fee-demanding web sites.

Findarticles is less and less useful, as its searches now more and more
direct you to its partner Highbeam, the fee-paying part of the =
organisation.

P.O'S.


--
Patrick O'Sullivan
Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Email Patrick O'Sullivan
Personal Fax 0044 (0) 709 236 9050

Irish Diaspora Studies http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/
Irish Diaspora Net
http://www.irishdiaspora.net

Irish Diaspora Research Unit
Department of Social Sciences and Humanities
University of Bradford
Bradford BD7 1DP
Yorkshire
England

Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan
Subject: Book Reviews, Scott, Politics and War, and Manning, Swordsmen
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Email Patrick O'Sullivan

For information...

P.O'S.


H-NET BOOK REVIEW
Published by h-Albion[at]h-net.msu.edu (October 2004)

David Scott. _Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms, 1637-1649_.
British History in Perspective Series. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004. xvii + 233 pp. Maps, notes, index. $75.00 (cloth), ISBN
0-333-65873-6; $22.95 (paper), ISBN 0-333-65874-4.

Roger B. Manning. _Swordsmen: The Martial Ethos in the Three Kingdoms_.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. xv + 272 pp. Illustrations, tables,
notes, bibliography, index. $72.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-19-926121-0.

Reviewed for H-Albion by Ian Gentles , Department
of History, Glendon College, York University, Toronto

Aristocratic Honor and the English Revolution

David Scott has written a close-grained, cutting-edge political history of
the English civil wars and the contemporary conflicts in Ireland and
Scotland. In some respects he is ahead of the cutting edge, since he
alludes to the fruits of unpublished research by other pioneering scholars
such as John Adamson and Jason Peacey. As such _Politics and War_ deserves
wide attention.

Scott takes a resolutely unromantic, unblinkered approach to what in some
quarters is still called the English Revolution. Thus he demonstrates that
the Scots could not have vanquished Charles I in the Second Bishops War of
1640 had they not enjoyed the help of a puritan English fifth column that
sabotaged the king's war effort. There had been high-level contact between
the king's puritan opponents in all three kingdoms for over a decade prior
to 1640. When the crunch came in that year political grandees, including
the earls of Essex and Warwick, Viscount Saye and Sele, John Pym, John
Hampden and Oliver St. John, encouraged the Scots to invade England and
helped the cause by obstructing the mobilization of the Yorkshire militia.
These activities constituted nothing less than treason, and Charles was well
aware of who the traitors were. Their subsequent political intransigence
stemmed from their awareness that should the king emerge militarily
victorious in his struggle against them they would surely face the scaffold.

The thread of mistrust wove itself into the calculations of both sides from
the beginning to the end of the civil wars. Because neither was strong
enough (before 1648) to secure outright victory against the other, both
resorted to outside aid to bolster their cause. The junto at Westminster
began preparing the ground for an alliance with the Scots as early as the
spring of 1642. Charles's response was to conclude a truce with the Irish
Confederates so that Irish troops could be released to help him in England.
Parliament's alliance with the Covenanting Scots was far more effective than
Charles's under-the-table alliance with the Catholic Irish, and was arguably
the deciding factor in the English civil war. For their part the royalists
doomed themselves to defeat not because of any shortage of men or material,
but because of the incorrigible quarrelsomeness of the high command.

Scott skillfully keeps three narratives going at once. He is especially
good on Ireland, showing that the Confederates were constantly hobbled by an
insoluble dilemma. Should they go it alone and seek an independent Catholic
Ireland, or should they ally themselves with the king in exchange for
guarantees of religious toleration and protection against crusading puritans
in the English parliament? Both strategies were tried at different times
with varying degrees of determination, and both failed.

Scott's account is full of thought-provoking re-interpretations of familiar
material. The second civil war (1648) was in reality part of a larger
struggle that he dubs "The War of the Engagement" after the secret agreement
Charles signed with the Scots under Hamilton in December 1647.
Far from being Charles's "ultimate folly," the Engagement represented "a
shrewd political gamble" (p. 160). Its terms called not only for a
Scottish, but also an Irish invasion of England. It thereby originated a
truly three-kingdoms war. Scott also revises Underdown by arguing that it
was not the Independent, but the Presbyterian party that collapsed in
1648.[1] The royalists' failure in that year was not primarily due to bad
timing and poor generalship, but to the fact that the Independent junto at
Westminster disposed of large financial resources and (I would add) an
undefeated, battle-hardened army to carry out its will. Finally, there was
nothing inevitable about the regicide. Following recent work by John
Morrill, Philip Baker, John Adamson, and Sean Kelsey he argues that the
Independent grandees made every effort in the weeks before and during the
trial to find a way out for Charles I.[2] I am unpersuaded. To me it is
clear that by the end of November 1648 the key senior officers had decided
that the king--that "man of blood," that man "against whom God hath
witnessed"--must die. I interpret their apparent efforts to negotiate with
the king as an elaborate ruse to divert and neutralize moderates such as
Warwick, Whitelocke, and Fairfax. That said, it is quite possible that
Charles, had he been willing to call off Ormond's projected invasion from
Ireland, and also sacrifice episcopacy, might have saved his neck if not his
throne. The grandees, however, had taken the measure of the king:
they knew he was too obstinate (or principled) to give way on either point.

Mention of episcopacy brings us to the centrality of religion in these wars.
Charles's bursting into tears at Newport in September 1648, when his
advisers told him that he must give up the bishops in order to save himself,
demonstrates the centrality of religion to him. He was, after all, as Scot
observes, the most pious of English monarchs since Edward the Confessor. As
Scott also rightly observes, Mark Stoyle is off-base with his assertion that
"dark forces of ethnic hatred" inspired most men to fight; rather, it was
the force of religion.[3] In Scotland the National Covenant "raised
political consciousness to unprecedented heights. [It] heightened feeling
that the Scottish nation, under a covenanted king, had a special role in
God's providential design to overthrow popery and establish Christ's rule on
earth" (p. 16). The Covenant had "remarkable power in unleashing human
potential at all levels of Scottish society"
(p. 20). The war party in England made common cause with the Covenanters
"out of a sense of godly fellowship in the face of the cosmic struggle
between Christ and Antichrist being played out across Europe" (p. 27).
Moreover, "Historians have undoubtedly underestimated the strength of
English support for the Covenanters' programme" (p. 112). Religion was
scarcely less important for the royalists who saw themselves fighting not
just in defence of an anointed king, but also of a precious church and
prayerbook. Similarly in Ireland, the clergy's call for the full
restoration of Catholicism struck a deeply resonant chord among the people.
As their battle standards graphically demonstrate, theirs was at least as
much a struggle for the liberty of the church as for the recovery of their
confiscated lands.

It is when he comes to England that Scott chooses to distance himself from
Morrill's thesis that the three-kingdom-wars of 1638-52 were Europe's last
wars of religion.[4] For the English, Scott declares, religion was one of
the subject's liberties that crown and parliament had a legal authority to
defend and amend. Pym's statement in 1642 that "this warre was for
Religion" (p. 42) was intended chiefly for Scottish consumption.

Scott occasionally augments his narrative with salty quotations from
little-used sources. Thus we are treated, for the first time, to the Earl
of Lauderdale's bitter reflection on the Scots' deliverance of the king to
the Westminster parliament in January 1647: it "would make them to be hissed
at by all nations; yea the doggs in the streets would pisse uppon them" (p.
129).

Errors are few and insignificant in this admirable book. It is not true
that the Levellers' Large Petition of March 1647 "made no reference to the
[New Model] Army" (p. 135). Goring did not command the entire
10,000-11,000-strong army in the southwest: he was only expected to bring
to Naseby the 3,000 horse and dragoons under his personal command.

Scott's account is unabashedly anglocentric. This is because England, as
the largest, wealthiest, most populous and most powerful of the three
kingdoms, was the main theater of conflict. The reader will encounter few
references to "the people" or to radical popular movements. As Scott
insists, seventeenth-century Britain and Ireland were immovably hierarchical
societies in which small groups of upper-class men played a shaping role in
public events. At key moments (especially between 1640 and 1643), the
common people might be enlisted to petition, demonstrate, or riot on behalf
of an upper-class agenda, but there was never any doubt as to who was in
control--it was certainly not Levellers, Diggers or Fifth Monarchists.

This book will be required reading for all serious students of the
mid-seventeenth century upheavals in Britain and Ireland.

Roger Manning's _Swordsmen_ exemplifies the growing scholarly interest in
the history of warfare and violence in early-modern Europe. Based on an
impressively voluminous reading in the printed primary and secondary
sources, it exhibits the author's sure-footed ability to build upon and
extend the work of other researchers, including Maurice Keen, Mervyn James,
Mark Peltonen, and Sidney Anglo. It also adds to the lengthening list of
major corrections of the work of Lawrence Stone. Readers of Stone's book on
the English aristocracy will recall his dogmatic statement that by the time
of the outbreak of civil war in 1642 most of the English aristocracy had
forgotten how to fight.[5] Manning shows that in reality around 70 percent
of peers in 1640 had experienced battle, a proportion similar to that which
prevailed in Ireland and Scotland at the same time.

Manning also revises Mervyn James's celebrated essay on honor[6] by
suggesting that "Dr James may have buried aristocratic honour before it was
quite dead." Rather, "chivalric values and the belief that a gentleman
needed to authenticate his honour on the field of battle in an agonistic war
lasted longer than historians have generally supposed" (p.
61). It lasted, Manning tells us, at least until the beginning of the
eighteenth century.

Manning convincingly demonstrates that there was a revival of honor and
martial culture in early-modern England. Not only did a high proportion of
upper-class men pursue careers as swordsmen--either in the Dutch war of
independence against Spain or during the Thirty Years War--there was also a
tremendous upper-class vogue for dueling throughout the seventeenth century.
Citing Mark Peltonen, he classifies dueling as "the darker side of the
chivalric revival"; it was "chivalric honour gone rotten" (p. 204).
Many acts of interpersonal violence, including duels, tavern brawls and
riots by upper-class "roaring boys," "roisterers," and "bravadoes" were
triggered by trivial verbal insults, inflamed by strong drink and a vengeful
spirit. In England aristocratic feuding often went under the cover of
anti-enclosure riots and poaching affrays. Valuable though these insights
are, Manning dwells at excessive length on dueling and the dark underside of
martial culture, devoting four chapters--almost half the book--to this
theme.

There can be little skepticism about the book's main thesis, that the
English peerage were re-chivalrized and remilitarized in the decades before
the outbreak of civil war in 1642. Manning is less impressive when it comes
to explaining why this re-emergence of the medieval tradition of knight
errantry occurred in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries.
Was it principally an aristocratic revolt against absolute kings and the new
nation state? Was it a mercenary search for instant wealth on the part of
impecunious younger sons? It was both these things to be sure. Yet Manning
almost entirely overlooks the most dynamic new
factor: religious zeal, and in particular the rise of revolutionary
Calvinism. When they joined the cause of the Dutch rebels against imperial
Spain, men like Sir Philip Sidney and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, with
the active encouragement of privy councillors like Lord Treasurer William
Burghley and Sir Francis Walsingham, saw themselves as standing up for the
beleaguered cause of protestantism. The O'Neills, the O'Briens, and all the
other Irish nobles and gentlemen who offered their services to the Spanish
king in the early-seventeenth century did not do so merely in order to earn
a living; they thought of themselves as warriors in the sacred cause of
Catholicism. Similarly, the thousands of Scots and English who enlisted
under the banners of Gustavus Adolphus, the house of Orange, and half a
dozen other protestant princes of Europe passionately believed that they
were serving God's cause against the popish Antichrist. To neglect the role
of religion in this most religious of European centuries (c. 1550-1650) is
to tell an incomplete story. The book contains only a few errors. Charles
I invaded the House of Commons in January 1642, not 1641 (p. 149). "Cannon"
is a plural as well as a singular plural noun (p. 6). Classicists will be
surprised to read that Homer and Virgil were "classical historians" (p. 73).
The author refers to "Clyve James" when he almost certainly means Clyve
Jones (p. 25, n.
30). A number of books and articles cited in the footnotes did not make it
into the bibliography.

These reservations aside, _Swordsmen_ is a valuable and worthwhile monograph
that consolidates a convincing body of evidence for the re-emergence of a
military ethos and culture of honor in early-modern Britain and Ireland.
Both books under review testify to the growing scholarly appreciation of the
importance of violence, warfare, and the upper-class culture of honor in the
history of early-modern Europe.

Notes

[1]. David Underdown, _Pride's Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution_
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 96-97.

[2]. See their essays in Jason Peacey, ed., _The Regicides and the Execution
of Charles I_ (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).

[3]. Mark Stoyle, _Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during
the English Civil War_ (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1994), p.
241.

[4]. John Morrill, "The Religious Context of the English Civil War,"
_Transactions of the Royal Historical Society_ 5th ser., 34 (1984): pp.
155-178.

[5]. Lawrence Stone, _The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558-1641_ (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 266.

[6]. Found in M. E. James, "English Politics and the Concept of Honour,
1585-1642," _Past and Present_ Supplement no. 3 (1978).


Copyright (c) 2004 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits
the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit,
educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the
author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and
H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For other uses
contact the Reviews editorial staff: hbooks[at]mail.h-net.msu.edu.